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1. Quakers, the Bible, and the British and Foreign Bible Society 1996

   https://ncsu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3fS8MwED5kgvjib7G6SUHxabFdkjYtjIGKQxARmYO9lTRNmU6GOvf_e0nTueGD-FJom5Y2l-a-L_f1DuC8jHDaK5QmYaIp4TqOSYJ-guhYov-TIlG0WF3MgbP6Xxiz8HD5Oq74oeu8gKWMmzyl68hWhNFtPQwH9XTLTaGCKvciI-jOmUukySIWfEzG5m88E25wyya146m0h0YIKWfYF2VVxGJ1_ePX7GxdTn8bHuuHtUoTU99gWXIf2DSHNrdFndLxjxfbgS2HPv2r6sQurOnpHmzUsuR9uH-aywkCwraPuNDvjnvXL_mb7gbjXtuX08IedWmQ7L4r7Llo6TsRqLniAIb92-ebO-LKLRDVQVpDtGbGaiWColjlItJlWYhQImdUnBUxT0MV5SJHRkmVQFgTC5FKmQsaFUgzi5QdgU_zJGdporXUlMsolIgeaa64LnGeKJX24KI2QvZepdPIbEwtYhlaKzPWMvFw6sGhNdGiFe-kXIgo9aC1YrNFA4bUEdm2B2TJhpn7ImdZ1dXZAAErjkXkRbGJbHRGHjRrK_80RpCKQNWEgI__ebsT2Kx03Ubb04TG1-dct6BhBsepHbe4HcX0GxCm54o

   Martin, Roger H.

   Quaker History, Vol. 85, Issue 1, pp. 13 - 28.

   Journal Article  |  Full Text Online

2. Humanitarianism in the Preindustrial City: The New York Society for the Prevention of Pauperism,... 1970

   https://ncsu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwhV1LT9wwEB7xuPTSB0XqUqBzQJyIdmM7sbdCSLACRRxWewAJ9WLZWVugwtLuslL59x07TmAPiFOkvOMZe76xv3wDcOALGvamtcsGyrFMuLLMFMWJzJWG4p-RqmbT1ckcOGj_hQm0ysgLjKv4BJDsveuHnILC5jqsUzhrRHA7n1EiaKh3ITksFlAK8QoC5zwphufU8xl_-XG2ve1KRNoMjfuvJSeuDtAsRZ2LTzBp3zeSTUKJg9es-35UOozyFq2q43vf9hk-JgSKp43LfIE1N9uC7UYu5BkPMWjRmljv9_kr_K0agQzKqGmzeMC7GRJkxMnc3XVFP3BEUP4nkschjZkYVKDw-PYkEUKP-7cnSNC4vS4RLPHR48Qsg9Dy4uEICQLIjLIQvg3XF-dXoypLVRqymsviKSulrKdimPu8lNyWwg-MVaZ2xg1FzpyV3FhuA870flBLQwBNOOGNmVpD-yz_BsisojOUo4uYMMXAEOhkthbO0_Dia9cDbE2k_zQqHJqyl2BFnRqwB4fRdN1xM_8dSGuy0NXNLz2-KdnlWCo96sFeNMLbN9ptba5Tf17oMFunCsFy0YMf3WHqiWF5xczc43Khy0Bx5QXfeecB3-FDPpSJE7MLG0_zpduDjeA8-7B5VlXj0_3o4_8BySH0Ng

   Mohl, Raymond A.

   The Journal Of American History (Bloomington, Ind.), Vol. 57, Issue 3, pp. 576 - 599.

   The problem of econ dependency in New York City in the early 19th cent is detailed. Heavy immigration, seasonal shifts in occup, unemployment for the unskilled, periodic depressions & epidemics, & ... Read more

   The problem of econ dependency in New York City in the early 19th cent is detailed. Heavy immigration, seasonal shifts in occup, unemployment for the unskilled, periodic depressions & epidemics, & econ change all made public welfare the most costly item in the municipal budget. Most New Yorkers, following current doctrines of pol'al economy, accepted poverty as the natural condition of the laboring classes. But pauperism--dependency on public relief or private charity--represented an unnecessary & eradicable evil. Investigating dependency soon after its org in 1817, the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism focused on intemperance, voluntary idleness, impiety, improvidence, ignorance & other character defects & vices as responsible for pauperism. Over the next several yrs, the society promoted a number of programs to reshape & improve the character of the poor & thus end pauperism: Bible distribution, church attendance, temperance campaigns, savings banks, fuel savings funds, "friendly visiting" in the slums. The society also demanded immigration restriction, strict tavern regulations, mandatory work programs for the poor, & more stringent enforcement of state poor laws. The society eventually moved toward juvenile reform, changing its name in 1823 to the Society for the Reformation of JD's & establishing the nation's first juvenile reformatory--New York City's House of Refuge. In general, the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism typified the humanitarian moralism of the time, for other major cities mirrored the New York City experience with poverty & pauperism. The study is based on res in newspapers, city archives, correspondence & writings of leading humanitarians, & the publications of the society. AA. Read less

   Journal Article  |  Full Text Online

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