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1. Soil Carbon Dioxide Emission and Carbon Content as Affected by Irrigation, Tillage, Cropping... 2008

   https://ncsu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3db9MwELdge4EHPgZsZTD8AG-N6qRO7UjVpDakbJNgQ-0kxEvkxHZbNCWQdhL8A_zd3DlJR8XHwx56VWqnca9357vz-WdCXjOlBbMSYxMhPJ6FzJORlZ4OMq1spDXL-XYyhwzbvTA1PsQm4Yaa4ew1KrjK3CkkiEHW-2K-1QsJML-DAfZhokHv6DzeLCEEzJ0sxxwUAUhmXfX-x81b89Fdq8q_uZrbnqubeiYPyaIdtKs4wXMOfi-97zm4Q4dx0UI73vYHPiIPGveUjmp5ekzumGKP3B_Nqwaiw-yRZ8nN3jjo2hiH1RPyc1our2isqqws6Ntl-X2pDU1AjjAhR1Wh2zaHiFWsqVrRkSsnMZpmP-hwcXxaVQ7yoyyGvcVxl87wTKS56dK4KhFIYk5rhPWu-7oPy3VVggLQCRaHXzU7Sp-Sy0kyi0-85pgHL0d4OM9G4KKFVipwHjBcBTNjdB5KCK6MyAdZEIE1h7gmUiIcWMv62vjWcCWFMKENRf-AUGFlLqCfDsM-twOhIiO57meKMcUyFnXIm_ZfTr_WMB4phD_I6bThdIqc7pADEIFUAVtX6eU0wHVdJjk4ubJDDlu5SBs9X6U-hGPgQnJ4wKtNKzAWV11UYcpr6MIlhNUD_u8e0OxHPICH79fidjNE6WOKAloCJyn_HXt6lnwM8IUYO3D9_DY3HZJ7dUUMJplekJ11dW1ekh0U6iOnX0DF7B3ST8LRMVAZ-0dkdzQ-iyf4PosvpvDpOIHeuyfx6eQzXL0Pzh29QCqmvwByoDAD

   Sainju, U.M; Jabro, J.D; Stevens, W.B

   Journal Of Environmental Quality, Vol. 37, Issue 1, pp. 98 - 106.

   Management practices can influence soil CO2 emission and C content in cropland, which can effect global warming. We examined the effects of combinations of irrigation, tillage, cropping systems, an... Read more

   Management practices can influence soil CO2 emission and C content in cropland, which can effect global warming. We examined the effects of combinations of irrigation, tillage, cropping systems, and N fertilization on soil CO2 flux, temperature, water, and C content at the 0- to 20-cm depth from May to November 2005 at two sites in the northern Great Plains. Treatments were two irrigation systems (irrigated vs. non-irrigated) and six management practices that contained tilled and no-tilled malt barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.) with 0 to 134 kg N ha-1, no-tilled pea (Pisum sativum L.), and a conservation reserve program (CRP) planting applied in Lihen sandy loam (sandy, mixed, frigid, Entic Haplustolls) in western North Dakota. In eastern Montana, treatments were no-tilled malt barley with 78 kg N ha-1, no-tilled rye (Secale cereale L.), no-tilled Austrian winter pea, no-tilled fallow, and tilled fallow applied in dryland Williams loam (fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiborolls). Irrigation increased CO2 flux by 13% compared with non-irrigation by increasing soil water content in North Dakota. Tillage increased CO2 flux by 62 to 118% compared with no-tillage at both places. The flux was 1.5- to 2.5-fold greater with tilled than with non-tilled treatments following heavy rain or irrigation in North Dakota and 1.5- to 2.0-fold greater with crops than with fallow following substantial rain in Montana. Nitrogen fertilization increased CO2 flux by 14% compared with no N fertilization in North Dakota and cropping increased the flux by 79% compared with fallow in no-till and 0 kg N ha-1 in Montana. The CO2 flux in undisturbed CRP was similar to that in no-tilled crops. Although soil C content was not altered, management practices influenced CO2 flux within a short period due to changes in soil temperature, water, and nutrient contents. Regardless of irrigation, CO2 flux can be reduced from croplands to a level similar to that in CRP planting using no-tilled crops with or without N fertilization compared with other management practices. Read less

   Journal Article  |  Full Text Online

2. Bell v. Armstrong 2019

   https://ncsu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwhZ1NbwIhEIYn6smTn00_1HAw3lC6yy5wNEbj1cS7AVm8VGO0beK_7zIsTZvY9EYgZAgchhlengEYM20Fc9LHJkJQbjJGpXKS2sRY7ZS1bM9_J3OCiOZaySpRF4iv-OUFybwVsySXynP76lCXvCpU_h1V5TywNssWVRJZm1FYmFRuYtWCTTSA6hBfk-CnTH6GaELkUUQM47-LaUMrMqDJPJxyB2rFqQv9QPi4kQnx-FiNJXpvPWj7Lzfkc1r2Hq8-0X3ow3C13C7WFK3szgEwsYsm0kcgwsm9UK_cZlnKXS60KiS3qdGMaWaYeoKH-5Of_xp4gWbp9VXQZAyg8X75KIbQ8Hsxwq39AmZ6fgc

   Swisher, Jacob

   Montana : The Magazine Of Western History, Vol. 69, Issue 4, pp. 20 - 36.

   Magazine Article  |  Full Text Online

3. Development Derailed: Policy Uncertainty and Coordinated Investment 2022

   https://ncsu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV07T8MwED5BGWDhUZAotOCBNdSJ7dhhQ4GKgQEhOke2L5FYCmqLEP8eP2q1nZCYHUvJ3Zd7JOfvA7ihGiXtlO9NpMy4ETRTVacyLAzqrkKklm9_zAGVzsL4scqVFRe3SQ4kRF3_imuzGCd1IJkLh8Zd2HMZmns8v9Yv6xjMK554wr3q0oaqUNy3nYbWteW2BEnkjQqpZnIEmG4yTJh4XYPNUftxoDcMnBaJyvE_D3QMh6tSlNxH7JzATjvrw346qbzow-6z_j6FemOuiDy0c-3iCN6RSChMpg40Yahg-UP0DEn94brZ95mrYJFEDg-_7wymk8e3-ilbSS9ktijZMit0y6VRttVGuJaMa5XLztVeuZECXUiUWjLfW9IW3aoUlpW0y601WAi0hWbnQGSnrKxyjkIw3pVSV63iyIymVFNDqwFcJxc0n5Faowm_xFXZRFsMYJg80yQbNq6CY8wTrYkBjLa8tb4mbr_4Y_0SDgoPkDCDPYTecv7VjqDnHXoV4PQL-V_RAA

   Alston, Eric; Smith, Steven M.

   The Journal Of Law & Economics, Vol. 65, Issue 1, pp. 39 - 76.

   We quantify the sensitivity of investments to policy uncertainty by drawing on the Northern Pacific’s massive land grant and the ensuing political battle that generated significant uncertainty to t... Read more

   We quantify the sensitivity of investments to policy uncertainty by drawing on the Northern Pacific’s massive land grant and the ensuing political battle that generated significant uncertainty to title from 1879 to 1894. Focusing on irrigation because of its high asset specificity, our analysis exploits the spatially exogenous extent of the grant to identify causal effects on investment, inclusive of spillovers to secure land because coordinated investment is generally necessary to capture the scale economies of irrigation. We find that the uncertainty significantly deterred and delayed irrigation investment in Montana, which lowered the state’s economic activity by up to 5 percent. Large numbers of settlers are occupying such [railroad grant] lands, and it is important to them to know whether they can receive their titles from the United States, or whether they will be required to purchase from the railroad companies. The prevailing uncertainty necessarily retards improvements and impairs values. (Noah C. McFarland, General Land Office Commissioner, US Department of the Interior 1882, p. 11) Read less

   Journal Article  |  Full Text Online

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