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Intellectual property and funding: fueling Chinese synbio.
Liao L;Lou Y;Tang X;Deng Z;Gao J
Academic Journal Academic Journal | Publisher: Elsevier Science Publishers Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8310903 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-3096 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01677799 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Trends Biotechnol Subsets: MEDLINE Please log in to see more details
As China emerges as a synthetic biology (synbio) global leader, it faces distinct scie... more
Intellectual property and funding: fueling Chinese synbio.
Publisher: Elsevier Science Publishers Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8310903 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-3096 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01677799 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Trends Biotechnol Subsets: MEDLINE
As China emerges as a synthetic biology (synbio) global leader, it faces distinct science-society challenges. Our series offers a snapshot of China's synbio state, emphasizing the intersection and its policy implications. The debut piece elucidates the intellectual property rights (IPR)-funding interplay in China's expanding synbio territory, underlining its key role in driving innovation and commercialization.
Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests.
(Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

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China - Policy - Synthetic Biology - Intellectual Property

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MEDLINE

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Contracts and intellectual property rights in translational R&D: furthering safeguards in the public interest.
Anderson M;Hawkins N;Slade A
Academic Journal Academic Journal | Publisher: Nature America Publishing Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9604648 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1546-1696 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10870156 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Biotechnol Subsets: MEDLINE Please log in to see more details
Contracts and intellectual property rights in translational R&D: furthering safeguards in the public interest.
Publisher: Nature America Publishing Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9604648 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1546-1696 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10870156 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Biotechnol Subsets: MEDLINE

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Intellectual Property

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MEDLINE

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CIPSI: An open chemical intellectual property service for medicinal chemists.
Martinez-Sevillano M;Falaguera MJ;Mestres J
Academic Journal Academic Journal | Publisher: Wiley-VCH Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101529315 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1868-1751 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 18681743 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mol Inform Subsets: MEDLINE Please log in to see more details
The availability of patent chemical data offers public access to a chemical space that... more
CIPSI: An open chemical intellectual property service for medicinal chemists.
Publisher: Wiley-VCH Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101529315 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1868-1751 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 18681743 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mol Inform Subsets: MEDLINE
The availability of patent chemical data offers public access to a chemical space that is not well covered by other sources collecting small molecules from scholarly literature. However, open applications to facilitate the search and analysis of biologically-relevant molecular structures present in patents are still largely missing. We have developed CIPSI, an open Chemical Intellectual Property Service @ IMIM to assist medicinal chemists in searching and analysing molecules in SureChEMBL patents. The current version contains 6,240,500 molecules from 236,689 pharmacological patents, of which 5,949,214 are confidently assigned to core chemical structures reminiscent of the Markush structure in the patent claim. The platform includes some graphical tools to facilitate comparative patent analyses between drugs, chemical substructures, and company assignees. CIPSI is available at https://cipsi.org.
(© 2023 The Authors. Molecular Informatics published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Subject terms:

Molecular Structure - Intellectual Property

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MEDLINE

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Are ecological processes that select beneficial traits in agricultural microbes nature's intellectual property rights?
Kothamasi D;Vermeylen S;Deepika S
Academic Journal Academic Journal | Publisher: Nature America Publishing Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9604648 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1546-1696 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10870156 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Biotechnol Subsets: MEDLINE Please log in to see more details
Are ecological processes that select beneficial traits in agricultural microbes nature's intellectual property rights?
Publisher: Nature America Publishing Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9604648 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1546-1696 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10870156 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Biotechnol Subsets: MEDLINE

Subject terms:

Bacteria - Intellectual Property - Agriculture

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MEDLINE

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Intellectual property protection for traditional medical knowledge in China's context: a round peg in a square hole?
Xia N
Academic Journal Academic Journal | Publisher: Oxford University Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9308945 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1464-3790 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09670742 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Med Law Rev Subsets: MEDLINE Please log in to see more details
This article is an examination of the extent to which traditional medical knowledge in... more
Intellectual property protection for traditional medical knowledge in China's context: a round peg in a square hole?
Publisher: Oxford University Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9308945 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1464-3790 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09670742 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Med Law Rev Subsets: MEDLINE
This article is an examination of the extent to which traditional medical knowledge in China can be protected by intellectual property laws. The analysis begins by providing a global picture with regard to the historic origin of intellectual property, exploring the reasons why China does not have indigenous counterparts to the western system of intellectual property rights protecting its traditional knowledge (including traditional medical knowledge) and stating the problems of transplanting western intellectual property standards in China. A discussion follows on how China, under foreign pressure, has made efforts to comply with the changing standards mandated by various international, regional, and bilateral arrangements related to intellectual property, with examples of the development of China's patent law. China's approach towards the protection of traditional medical knowledge in various international fora related to intellectual property is explored. Finally, there is a specific examination of the compatibilities between the western system of intellectual property rights and traditional medical knowledge in China, at the national and community levels. This article argues that the system of intellectual property rights does not easily fit with China's traditional medical knowledge because of China's unique cultural traits, distinctive historical context and wide ethnic, religious, and local community diversity.
(© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press.)

Subject terms:

Humans - China - Internationality - Intellectual Property

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MEDLINE

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Review on 505(b)(2) Drug Products Approved by USFDA from 2010 to 2020 Emphasizing Intellectual Property and Regulatory Considerations for Reformulations and New Combinations.
Ravula JD;Nirogi R;Janodia MD
Academic Journal Academic Journal | Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 2985195R Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1520-6017 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00223549 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Pharm Sci Subsets: MEDLINE Please log in to see more details
Repurposing is considered an attractive approach for developing new drug products. How... more
Review on 505(b)(2) Drug Products Approved by USFDA from 2010 to 2020 Emphasizing Intellectual Property and Regulatory Considerations for Reformulations and New Combinations.
Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 2985195R Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1520-6017 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00223549 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Pharm Sci Subsets: MEDLINE
Repurposing is considered an attractive approach for developing new drug products. However, it consists of challenges relating to intellectual property (IP) protection, and regulatory approvals. This study aimed to analyze the recent trends in repurposed drugs approved by USFDA from 2010 to 2020 and to assess the challenges connected with bridging study requirements, patent protection, and exclusivities. Out of 1001 NDAs, 570 were approved via 505(b)(2) pathway. Of 570 NDAs, the highest number of approvals are allied to type 5-new formulations (42.4%), followed by type 3-new dosage forms (26.4%) and type 4-new combinations (13.1%). Of 570 NDAs, 470 are considered to examine the patent and exclusivity protection of which 341 have patent and/or exclusivity. A total of 97 type-3 and type-5 and 14 type-4 drugs have been approved based on human bioavailability/bioequivalence (BA/BE) data. For 131 type-3 and type-5 and 34 type-4 drugs, the applicants conducted new clinical (efficacy and/or safety) studies along with BA/BE (100 drugs) or without BA/BE (65 drugs) studies. In this review, mechanistic reasons for conducting new clinical investigations, IP and regulatory considerations along with broader perspective on new pharmaceutical approaches employed in 505(b)(2) drugs are illustrated that provide guidance for development of reformulations and combinations.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2023 American Pharmacists Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Subject terms:

United States - Humans - United States Food and Drug Administration - Drug Compounding - Intellectual Property

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MEDLINE

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After biosovereignty: The material transfer agreement as technology of relations.
van Wichelen S
Academic Journal Academic Journal | Publisher: Sage Publications Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7506743 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1460-3659 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03063127 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Soc Stud Sci Please log in to see more details
Increasingly, countries in the Global South-notably South Africa, Brazil, and Indonesi... more
After biosovereignty: The material transfer agreement as technology of relations.
Publisher: Sage Publications Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7506743 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1460-3659 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03063127 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Soc Stud Sci
Increasingly, countries in the Global South-notably South Africa, Brazil, and Indonesia-are introducing material transfer agreements (MTAs) into their domestic laws for the exchange of scientific material. The MTA is a contract securing the legal transfer of tangible research material between organizations such as laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, or universities. Critical commentators argue that these agreements in the Global North have come to fulfill an important role in the expansion of dominant intellectual property regimes. Taking Indonesia as a case, this article examines how MTAs are enacted and implemented differently in the context of research involving the Global South. Against the conventionally understood forms of contract that commodify and commercialize materials and knowledge, the MTA in the South can be understood as a legal technology appropriated to translate a formerly relational economy of the scientific gift to a market system of science. As a way of gaining leverage in the uneven space of the global bioeconomy, the MTA functions as a technology for 'reverse appropriation', a reworking of its usage and meaning as a way of countering some of the global power inequalities experienced by Global South countries. The operation of this reverse appropriation, however, is hybrid, and reveals a complex reconfiguration of scientific exchange amidst a growing push for 'open science'.

Subject terms:

Technology - South Africa - Universities - Transfer Agreement - Intellectual Property

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MEDLINE

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Nanocellulose, the Green Biopolymer Trending in Pharmaceuticals: A Patent Review.
Garcia, Keth Ribeiro;Beck, Ruy Carlos Ruver;Brandalise, Rosmary Nichele;dos...
Academic Journal Academic Journal | Pharmaceutics. Jan2024, Vol. 16 Issue 1, p145. 22p. Please log in to see more details

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Subsidies versus intellectual property rights when innovators operate in two markets.
Skliaustyte E;Weber M
Academic Journal Academic Journal | Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1932-6203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19326203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS One Subsets: MEDLINE Please log in to see more details
Intellectual property rights are monopoly rights, which have undesirable welfare prope... more
Subsidies versus intellectual property rights when innovators operate in two markets.
Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1932-6203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19326203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS One Subsets: MEDLINE
Intellectual property rights are monopoly rights, which have undesirable welfare properties. Therefore, several studies suggest using rewards as incentives for innovation instead. However, these studies have thus far had little effect on actual policy, possibly because such rewards may be difficult to implement in practice. We suggest a new way of providing incentives to originators, which is easier to implement. Our suggestion can be used if there is an additional market in which originators operate, where copying is not easily possible. In this case, intellectual property rights in one market can be replaced by subsidies in the other market. Taking the music industry as example, copyrights in the records market could be replaced by subsidies in the market for live performances. We develop a partial equilibrium model that can be used to analyze in which cases the replacement of intellectual property rights in one market with subsidies in another market is welfare improving and better for the originator. A numerical application example suggests that the subsidy scheme may indeed be better in the music industry. The subsidy scheme can be implemented as a voluntary option, which would even be possible without changing the legal framework of intellectual property rights.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
(Copyright: © 2023 Skliaustyte, Weber. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Subject terms:

Drug Industry - Intellectual Property - Copyright

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MEDLINE

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IS A.I. THE DEATH OF I.P.?
MENAND, LOUIS
Periodical Periodical | New Yorker. 1/22/2024, Vol. 99 Issue 46, p55-60. 6p. 1 Color Photograph, 4 Cartoon or Caricatures. Please log in to see more details
IS A.I. THE DEATH OF I.P.?
New Yorker. 1/22/2024, Vol. 99 Issue 46, p55-60. 6p. 1 Color Photograph, 4 Cartoon or Caricatures.

Subject terms:

Intellectual property - Patents - United Parcel Service Inc. - Externalities - Computer software

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Literary Reference Source

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War and IP.
Yu, Peter K.
Academic Journal Academic Journal | Brigham Young University Law Review. 2024, Vol. 49 Issue 3, p823-893. 71p. Please log in to see more details

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Research funders must join the fight for equal access to medicines.
Periodical Periodical | Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0410462 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1476-4687 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00280836 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nature Subsets: MEDLINE Please log in to see more details
Research funders must join the fight for equal access to medicines.
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0410462 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1476-4687 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00280836 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nature Subsets: MEDLINE

Subject terms:

Intellectual Property - Drug Industry - Health Services Accessibility - Developing Countries - International Cooperation

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MEDLINE

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