The Online Books Page

Lingua francas

Here are entered works discussing auxiliary, sometimes mixed, languages used among groups having no other language in common. Works discussing languages resulting from the intermingling of phonological, grammatical and/or lexical elements from different languages in areas of intensive language contact are entered under the heading Languages, Mixed. Works discussing lingua francas which are native to none of those using them and are characterized by a simplified grammar and often mixed vocabulary are entered under the heading Pidgin languages. Works discussing pidgin languages that have become established as the native language of a speech community are entered under the heading Creole dialects.

See also what's at Wikipedia, your library, or elsewhere.

• Languages in contact

• Pidgin languages

• Contact vernaculars
• Linguae francae
• Trade languages
• Vehicular languages

• Pidgin and Creole Languages: Essays in Memory of John E. Reinecke (originally published 1987; open access edition Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2019), ed. by Glenn G. Gilbert (PDF and Epub at Hawaii)

• Pidgin and Creole Languages: Essays in Memory of John E. Reinecke (originally published 1987; open access edition Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2019), ed. by Glenn G. Gilbert (PDF and Epub at Hawaii)
• Roots of Language (originally published 1981; this edition Berlin: Language Science Press, c2016), by Derek Bickerton (PDF with commentary at langsci-press.org)

• Creole Studies: Phylogenetic Approaches (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2017), ed. by Peter Bakker, Finn Birchsenius, Carsten Levisen, and Eeva Sippola (PDF and Epub at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• Chinook As Spoken By the Indians of Washington Territory, British Columbia and Alaska; for the Use of Traders, Tourists and Others Who Have Business Intercourse With the Indians: Chinook-English, English-Chinook (Victoria, BC: M. W. Waitt, ca. 1889), by C. M. Tate (multiple formats at archive.org)
• Chinook Dictionary, Catechism, Prayers and Hymns (1871), by Modeste Demers and Francis Norbert Blanchet (multiple formats at archive.org)
• An International Idiom: A Manual of the Oregon Trade Language, or "Chinook Jargon" (London: Whittaker, 1890), by Horatio Hale (multiple formats at archive.org)
• Vocabulary of the Chinook Jargon: the Complete Language Used By the Indians of Oregon, Washington Territory and British Possessions (San Francisco : Hutchings & Rosenfield, 1860) (multiple formats at archive.org)

• Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon (Victoria, BC: T.N. Hibben, late 1800s) (multiple formats at archive.org)
• Pocket Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon: the Indian Trading Language of Alaska, the Northwest Territory and the Northern Pacific Coast (San Francisco: Downing & Clark, 1898) (multiple formats at archive.org)
• Dictionary of Indian Tongues: Containing Most of the Words and Terms Used in the Tshimpsean, Hydah, & Chinook: With Their Meaning or Equivalent in the English Language (Victoria, BC: Hibben and Carswell, 1862) (multiple formats at archive.org)

• Chinook Jargon: The Hidden Language of the Pacific Northwest (2004), by Jim Holton (PDF files at rjholton.com)
• Chinook and Shorthand Rudiments: With Which the Chinook Jargon and the Wawa Shorthand Can be Mastered Without a Teacher in a Few Hours (1898), by J. M. R. Le Jeune (multiple formats at archive.org)
• The Chinook Jargon and How to Use It (Seattle: Rainier Printing Company, 1909), by George C. Shaw (multiple formats at archive.org)
• The Canoe and the Saddle: Adventures Among the Northwestern Rivers and Forests, and Isthmiana, by Theodore Winthrop (page images at Mystic Seaport)

• Chinook Jargon: The Hidden Language of the Pacific Northwest (2004), by Jim Holton (PDF files at rjholton.com)

• Creole Studies: Phylogenetic Approaches (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2017), ed. by Peter Bakker, Finn Birchsenius, Carsten Levisen, and Eeva Sippola (PDF and Epub at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• Creol Psalm-Buk, of een Vergaedring van Oùwe en Nywe Psalmen na Creol-Tael (in Danish Creole; Copenhagen: P. T. Brünnich, 1834) (page images at HathiTrust)

• Annancy Stories (New York: R. H. Russell, 1899), by Pamela Colman Smith (multiple formats at archive.org)
• Jamaica Anansi Stories, by Martha Warren Beckwith, contrib. by Helen H. Roberts (HTML with sheet-music images at sacred-texts.com)

• The Grandisimmes: A Story of Creole Life (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1880), by George Washington Cable (HTML and TEI at UNC)
• The Grandissimes (1899 edition), by George Washington Cable, illust. by Albert Herter (Gutenberg text and illustrated HTML)
• Monsieur Motte, by Grace Elizabeth King (HTML and TEI at UNC)

• Da Kine Talk: From Pidgin to Standard English in Hawaii (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1972), by Elizabeth Ball Carr, contrib. by Dong Jae Lee (PDF and EPub at Hawaii)

Items below (if any) are from related and broader terms.

• The Aymara Language in its Social and Cultural Context (Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, c1981), ed. by Martha James Hardman
  • page images at Florida
  • page images at HathiTrust

• Language Dispersal Beyond Farming (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2017), ed. by Martine Irma Robbeets and Alexander Savelyev (PDF and Epub with commentary at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• Report Of The Thirteenth Annual Round Table Meeting On Linguistics And Language Studies (Washington: Georgetown University Press, c1963), ed. by Elisabeth Delorme Woodworth and Robert J. Di Pietro (PDF at Georgetown)
• Report of the Fifth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Teaching (Washington: Georgetown University Press, c1954), ed. by Hugo J. Mueller (PDF at Georgetown)

• Current Issues in Bilingual Education (Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1980; Washington: Georgetown University Press, c1980), ed. by James E. Alatis (PDF at Georgetown)
• International Dimensions of Bilingual Education (Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1978; Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1978), ed. by James E. Alatis, contrib. by E. Glyn Lewis, William Francis Mackey, Einar Haugen, Joshua A. Fishman, Shirley Brice Heath, José Andrés Vázquez, Robert L. Cooper, Sarita G. Schotta, Henry Kahane, Renée Kahane, Braj B. Kachru, Muriel Saville-Troike, Maria Medina Swanson, Merrill Swain, Eric P. Hamp, H. H. Stern, Joan Rubin, Yolanda Lastra, Wallace E. Lambert, Christina Bratt Paulston, Bernard Spolsky, Gilbert Ansre, Bonifacio P. Sibayan, Adebisi Afolayan, Beatriz R. Lavandera, John W. Oller, G. Richard Tucker, Gary A. Cziko, Gilbert Narro Garcia, Charles H. Blatchford, Robert Lado, J. Donald Bowen, Robert J. Di Pietro, Mary Finocchiaro, Eduardo Hernandez-Chavez, Heidi C. Dulay, Marina K. Burt, John B. Carroll, Charles A. Ferguson, Roger W. Shuy, Dennis R. Craig, Frederic G. Cassidy, Alan R. Thomas, Nancy C. Dorian, William Leap, and Noel Epstein (PDF at Georgetown)
• Bilingualism and Language Contact (Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1970; Washington: Georgetown University Press, c1970), ed. by James E. Alatis (PDF at Georgetown)

• Current Issues in Bilingual Education (Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1980; Washington: Georgetown University Press, c1980), ed. by James E. Alatis (PDF at Georgetown)

• Current Issues in Bilingual Education (Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1980; Washington: Georgetown University Press, c1980), ed. by James E. Alatis (PDF at Georgetown)

• Sustaining Linguistic Diversity: Endangered and Minority Languages and Language Varieties (Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 2006; Washington: Georgetown University Press, c2008), ed. by Kendall A. King, Natalie Schilling-Estes, Jia Jackie Lou, Lyn Wright, and Barbara Soukup (PDF at Georgetown)

• Teaching and Learning Tibetan; The Role of the Tibetan Language in Tibet's Future: Roundtable Before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, April 7, 2003 (Washington: GPO, 2003), by United States Congressional-Executive Commission on China
  • page images at HathiTrust
  • multiple formats at archive.org

• Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Acquisition, Attrition and Change (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2015), ed. by Janne Bondi Johannessen and Joe Salmons (PDF files with commentary at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Acquisition, Attrition and Change (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2015), ed. by Janne Bondi Johannessen and Joe Salmons (PDF files with commentary at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• Trading Tongues: Merchants, Multilingualism, and Medieval Literature (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, c2013), by Jonathan Horng Hsy (PDF at Ohio State)

• A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2018), by R. D. Fulk (PDF at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• The Dawn of Dutch: Language Contact in the Western Low Countries Before 1200 (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2017), by Michiel de Vaan (PDF and Epub with commentary at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• Language, Identity, and Power in Modern India: Gujarat, c. 1850-1960 (London and New York: Routledge, c2022), by Riho Isaka (multiple formats with commentary at taylorfrancis.com)

• DND Language Reform: Staffing the Bilingualism Programs, 1967-1977, by Armand Letellier (PDF in Canada)
• Bilingualism: Address Delivered before the Quebec Canadian Club (Quebec: Telegraph Printing Co., 1916), by Napoleon Antoine Belcourt (HTML at Gutenberg Canada)

• French Canadians and Bilingualism in the Canadian Forces, by Jean Pariseau and Serge Bernier
  • Volume I (1763-1969): PDF in Canada
  • Volume I (1969-1987): PDF in Canada

• Bilingualism: Address Delivered before the Quebec Canadian Club (Quebec: Telegraph Printing Co., 1916), by Napoleon Antoine Belcourt (HTML at Gutenberg Canada)

• Delivering on the Promise of Democracy: Visual Case Studies in Educational Equity and Transformation (Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, c2019), by Sukhwant Jhaj (multiple formats with commentary at Open Book Publishers)
• Model Strategies in Bilingual Education: Professional Development (1995), by Mary S. Leighton, Amy M. Hightower, and Pamela G. Wrigley (page images at HathiTrust)
• Reading in the Bilingual Classroom: Literacy and Biliteracy (originally printed 1978, reprinted 1984), by Kenneth S. Goodman, Yetta M. Goodman, and Barbara Flores (page images at HathiTrust)
• Improving Schooling for Language-Minority Children: A Research Agenda (1997), ed. by Diane August and Kenji Hakuta (page images at NAP)
• Applying Significant Bilingual Instructional Features in the Classroom, by William J. Tikunoff (PDF at ed.gov)
• A Guide to Family Reading in Two Languages: The Preschool Years (1981), by Theodore Andersson (PDF with commentary at ed.gov)
• A Guide to Culture in the Classroom (Rosslyn, VA: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education, 1978), by Muriel Saville-Troike (page images at HathiTrust)

More items available under broader and related terms at left.