Syriac Christians
Here are entered works on the communities of Christians which use or have used the Syriac language as their liturgical or native tongue.
See also what's at your library, or elsewhere.
Broader term:Narrower terms:- Assyrian Church of the East members
- Church of the East members
- Jacobites (Syrian Christians)
- Saint Thomas Christians
- Syrian Christians
![[Info]](https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/info.gif)
Nineveh and its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldaean Christians of Kurdistan, and the Yezidis, or Devil-Worshippers; and an Enquiry Into the Manners and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians (2 volumes; London: J. Murray, 1849), by Austen Henry Layard
- The Pitiful Plight of the Assyrian Christians in Persia and Kurdistan, Described From the Reports of Eye-Witnesses (General Convention edition, with the resolution adopted; New York: American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, 1916), by William Walker Rockwell
- The Nestorians of Persia: A History of the Origin and Progress of That People, and of Missionary Labours Among Them, With an Account of the Nestorian Massacres by the Koords (Philadelphia: American Sunday-School Union, 1848) (page images at HathiTrust)
- The Nestorians of Persia: A History of the Origin and Progress of That People, and of Missionary Labours Among Them, With an Account of the Nestorian Massacres by the Koords (Philadelphia: American Sunday-School Union, 1848) (page images at HathiTrust)
- The History of Rabban Sawma and Mar Yahbh-Allaha, trans. by E. A. Wallis Budge (PDF at In Parentheses)
- Asceticism and Society in Crisis: John of Ephesus and The Lives of the Eastern Saints (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), by Susan Ashbrook Harvey (HTML at UC Press)
- The Indian Christians of St. Thomas, Otherwise Called the Syrian Christians of Malabar: A Sketch of Their History and an Account of Their Present Condition, As Well as a Discussion of the Legend of St. Thomas (London: Bemrose and Sons Ltd., 1908), by W. J. Richards, contrib. by Eugene Stock (multiple formats at archive.org)
- Christianity in India: The Anti-Colonial Turn (London and New York: Routledge, c2019), by Clara A. B. Joseph
Items below (if any) are from related and broader terms.
Filed under: Christians -- Iran- The Rage of Islam: An Account of the Massacre of Christians by the Turks in Persia (Philadelphia et al.: Roger Williams press, 1918), by Yonan H. Shahbaz
- I Found God in Soviet Russia (New York: St. Martin's Press, c1959), by John Noble and Glenn D. Everett, contrib. by Billy Graham (page images at HathiTrust)
- The Blight of Asia: An Account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and of the Culpability of Certain Great Powers; With the True Story of the Burning of Smyrna (originally published 1926), by George Horton, contrib. by James W. Gerard (PDF via ascensionhistoricalsociety.org)
- The Blight of Asia: An Account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and of the Culpability of Certain Great Powers; With the True Story of the Burning of Smyrna (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., c1926), by George Horton, contrib. by James W. Gerard
- America as a Field for the Exertions of the Christian Scholar, by William Bross (page images at MOA)
- The Dying Hours of Good and Bad Men Contrasted (1854), ed. by Daniel P. Kidder (PDF in Australia)
- A Handful of Stars: Texts That Have Moved Great Minds, by Frank Boreham (Gutenberg text and page images)
- The Overcomers: Outstanding Christians Share the Secrets of Successful Living, by Russell Chandler (HTML at Wayback Machine)
- Saints and Heroes to the End of the Middle Ages (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1911), by George Hodges (illustrated HTML at Gateway to the Classics)
- Evangelical Biography: or, An Historical Account of the Lives and Deaths of the Most Eminent and Evangelical Authors or Preachers, Both British and Foreign, in the Several Denominations of Protestants, From the Beginning of the Reformation to the Present Time (new edition, 4 volumes; London: Printed for W. Baynes, 1816), by Erasmus Middleton
- John Newton of Olney and St. Mary Woolnoth: An Autobiography and Narrative, Compiled Chiefly From His Diary and Other Unpublished Documents, by John Newton and Josiah Bull (multiple formats at archive.org)
- The Book of Religions: Comprising the Views, Creeds, Sentiments, or Opinions of All the Principal Religious Sects in the World, Particularly of All Christian Denominations in Europe and America; To Which Are Added Church and Missionary Statistics, Together With Biographical Sketches (Boston: A. Colby and Co., 1860), by John Hayward
- A Fountain of Gardens (3 volumes (last in 2 parts), 1697-1701), by Jane Lead
- Lives of the English Martyrs Declared Blessed by Pope Leo XIII, in 1885 and 1895 (reissue, 2 volumes; London et al.: Longmans, Green and Co., 1914), ed. by Bede Camm
- Women of Early Christianity (Woman in All Ages and in All Countries v3; Philadelphia: G. Barrie and Sons, c1907), by Alfred Brittain and Mitchell Carroll, contrib. by Joseph Cullen Ayer (Gutenberg text and illustrated HTML)
- Basic Elements of the Christian Life (with other works; 3 volumes; Anaheim, CA: Living Stream Ministry, c2003), by Witness Lee and Watchman Nee (PDF and Epub at biblesforamerica.org)
- Discipleship (1990), by Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria Shanūdah III, trans. by Glynis Younan (illustrated HTML at tasbeha.org)
- Experiences in Life (1990), by Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria Shanūdah III, trans. by Glynis Younan, illust. by Sister Sawsan (illustrated HTML at tasbeha.org)
- Encyclical Letter, Lumen Fidei, of the Supreme Pontiff Francis, to the Bishops, Priests, and Deacons, Consecrated Persons, and the Lay Faithful, on Faith (in multiple languages; 2013), by Pope Francis, contrib. by Pope Benedict XVI (HTML and PDF at the Vatican)
- Have You Felt Like Giving Up Lately? (original newsletter articles, 1977-1979), by David R. Wilkerson (HTML files at worldchallenge.org)
- Calmness (1989), by Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria Shanūdah III, trans. by Glynis Younan (HTML at tasbeha.org)
- Real Christians Don't Dance! (cover has "Don't" crossed out; c1988), by John Fischer (HTML with commentary at Wayback Machine)
- My Heart Christ's Home (public domain version, c1954), by Robert Boyd Munger (HTML with commentary at rr-bb.com)
- The Psychology of Jesus: The Dynamics of Christian Wholeness (c1977), by David L. McKenna (HTML with commentary at Wayback Machine)
- When All Else Fails... Read the Directions (c1975), by Bob Smith (HTML at pbc.org (select right-side icons to read chapters))
- Man, the Harness Maker (Ashtabula, OH: Homo Pub. Co., ca. 1944), by Bertram Henry Shadduck, illust. by F. W. Alden (page images at creationism.org)
- Encyclical Letter, Fratelli Tutti, of the Holy Father Francis, on Fraternity and Social Friendship (in multiple languages; 2020), by Pope Francis (HTML at the Vatican)
- Ancient Prophets, With a Series of Occasional Papers on Modern Problems (2nd edition; London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1930), by Samuel Logan Brengle (PDF at nnu.edu)
- Secrets of Effective Living (New York: Macmillan, 1930), by James Gordon Gilkey (page images at HathiTrust)
- Love-Slaves (3rd edition; London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1929), by Samuel Logan Brengle (PDF at nnu.edu)
- Adventure of Faith, by W. Carl Ketcherside (Javascript-dependent HTML at unity-in-diversity.org)
- Adventures in the Land of Canaan, by R. L. Berry
- Advice for Seekers, by C. H. Spurgeon (multiple formats at chapellibrary.org)
- Annals of the Poor (new edition, enlarged, with sketch of the author; New York: J. and H. G. Langley, 1841), by Legh Richmond, contrib. by John Ayre (page images at HathiTrust)
- Annals of the Poor: Containing The Dairyman's Daughter (With Considerable Additions), The Negro Servant, and the Young Cottager (New Haven: Whiting and Tiffany, 1815), by Legh Richmond
- Authentic Christianity (1996 edition), by Ray C. Stedman (multiple formats at raystedman.org)
- The Best Things in Life, by J. R. Miller (HTML at jr-miller.com)
- Broken Bread, by John Wright Follette (multiple formats at CCEL)
- Carta Pastoral del Ilustrísimo Señor Obispo de las Islas Ibiza y Formentera (in Spanish; Valencia: D. Benito Monfort, 1826), by Felipe González Abarca
- The Chocolate Soldier, or, Heroism: The Lost Chord of Christianity, by C. T. Studd (Gutenberg text)
- Christian Profiles in a Pagan Mirror (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1898), by Joseph Parker
- The Christian's Secret of a Happy Life, by Hannah Whitall Smith
- The City Without a Church, by Henry Drummond (HTML at wwwhubs.com)
- A Collection of Letters on the Most Interesting and Important Subjects, and on Several Occasions, by William Law (HTML at CCEL)
- The Deeper Christian Life, by Andrew Murray (multiple formats with commentary at CCEL)
- Don't Waste Your Life, by John Piper (PDF files with commentary at desiringgod.org)
- Encouragements to Faith (1881), by James William Kimball (page images at HathiTrust)
- Essays and Sketches: Published in His Memory for His Friends by His Children, by Charles W. Smith (multiple formats at Indiana)
- Every-Day Religion: or, The Common-Sense Teaching of the Bible (London: J. Nisbet and Co., 1894), by Hannah Whitall Smith (HTML at alampthatburns.net)
- The Evils of Gaming: A Letter to a Friend in the Army ("no. 60"; Civil war era), by Jeremiah Bell Jeter
- Experiments of Spiritual Life and Health, and Their Preservatives (originally published 1652; this edition Providence: S. S. Rider, 1863), by Roger Williams (Gutenberg text and illustrated HTML)
- Follow the Lamb, by Horatius Bonar (HTML at jude3.net)
- Freedom From Sinful Thoughts, by Heini Arnold, contrib. by John Michael Talbot (PDF at plough.com)
- From Prodigal to Priest, by David Chadwell (HTML at westarkchurchofchrist.org)
- Furrow, by Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer (HTML at escrivaworks.org)
- The Glory of the Common Life, by J. R. Miller (HTML at jr-miller.com)
- The God of All Comfort, by Hannah Whitall Smith (multiple formats with commentary at CCEL)
- God's Way of Holiness, by Horatius Bonar (HTML at jude3.net)
- Golden Grain, by John Wright Follette (multiple formats at CCEL)
- The Grounds and Reasons of Christian Regeneration, by William Law (multiple formats with commentary at CCEL)
- The Homeward Path (third edition; Boston: Walker, Wise, and Co., 1860), by Charlotte Maria Haven (page images at MOA)
- Honey Out of the Rock, by T. W. (Thomas Wilcox) (HTML at kirjasilta.net)
- How to Live a Holy Life, by Charles Ebert Orr (Gutenberg text)
- How to Really Know the Will of God, by Richard L. Strauss (HTML at bible.org)
- "I Don't Believe in Your Way" (Glasgow, ca. 1850), by J. M. S. (multiple formats at archive.org)
- In His Steps: For Those Beginning the Christian Life (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1915), by J. R. Miller (multiple formats at Google)
- Joy and Power: Three Messages With One Meaning, by Henry Van Dyke (Gutenberg text)
- Kaleidoscope Echoes: Being Historical, Philosophical, Scientific and Theological Sketches From the Miscellaneous Writings of Philip Tocque (1895), by Philip Tocque, ed. by Annie S. W. Tocque (multiple formats at archive.org)
- The Labyrinth of the World and the Paradise of the Heart, by Johann Amos Comenius (illustrated HTML in the UK)
- Letters to Friends on the Personal Christian Life (Christchurch: Free Age Press, 1900), by Leo Tolstoy, trans. by Aylmer Maude (bound with other pamphlets: multiple formats at archive.org)
- A Life for a Life, and Other Addresses, by Henry Drummond (multiple formats at CCEL)
- The Life of Fuller Purpose: Addresses Delivered at the Young Women's Conference, Northfield, 1913 (New York et al.: F. H. Revell Co., c1913), by J. Stuart Holden (page images at HathiTrust)
- The Light of Life: Dedicated to the Young (London: Seeley, Jackson and Halliday, 1861), by Maria Louisa Charlesworth (multiple formats at archive.org)
- Making the Most of Life, by J. R. Miller (HTML at jr-miller.com)
- The Man Who Said He Would (Boston and Chicago: United Society of Christian Endeavor, c1902), by J. Wilbur Chapman (multiple formats at Indiana)
- The Master's Indwelling (1953 edition), by Andrew Murray (Gutenberg text)
- Morning Bells: or, Waking Thoughts for the Little Ones, by Frances Ridley Havergal (Gutenberg text)
- Mushrooms on the Moor, by Frank Boreham (Gutenberg text)
- My Confession; Critique of Dogmatic Theology (The Complete Works of Count Tolstoy, v13; London: J. M. Dent and Co., c1904), by Leo Tolstoy, ed. by Leo Wiener (page images at HathiTrust; US access only)
- My Confession; Critique of Dogmatic Theology (The Complete Works of Count Tolstoy, v13; Boston: D. Estes and Co., c1904), by Leo Tolstoy, ed. by Leo Wiener (multiple formats at archive.org)
- The Nonsuch Professor in His Meridian Splendor: or, The Singular Actions of Sanctified Christians (New York and Chicago: F. H. Revell, 1889), by William Secker, contrib. by Theodore L. Cuyler (page images at HathiTrust)
- The Normal Christian Life, by Watchman Nee (multiple formats at CCEL)
- Passing Thoughts on Religion (New York: D. Appleton, 1860), by Elizabeth Missing Sewell (multiple formats at archive.org)
- Pax Vobiscum, by Henry Drummond (Gutenberg text)
- The Pearl of Great Price: A Journey to the Kingdom, by Martin Israel (HTML at Wayback Machine)
- Pia Desideria, or, Divine Addresses, In Three Books (second edition; London: Printed by J. L. for H. Bonwicke, 1690), by Herman Hugo, trans. by Edmund Arwaker (page images at Penn State)
- Precious Jewel Person: Reflections on the Spirituality of Everyday Life, by Barbara Ritter Garrison (HTML at zensquared.com)
- Problems of Living (ca. 1903), by J. Brierley (multiple formats at archive.org)
- Productions of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart, Presented to the First African Baptist Church & Society, of the City of Boston, by Maria W. Stewart (PDF at Digital Schomburg)
- Profession is Not Principle: or, The Name of Christian is Not Christianity (2nd edition; Edinburgh: W. Oliphant, 1823), by Grace Kennedy (page images at Google)
- The Renewing of the Mind, by Watchman Nee (frame-dependent HTML at ministrybooks.org)
- A Salutation of My Endeared Love to the Faithful in All Places, That Bear Their Testimony for the Lord, and keep in the Lowliness to Truth as it is in Jesus (London: J. Bringhurst, 1685), by Dorcas Dole (HTML and page images at Earlham)
- Satan or Christ? An Allegory Representing the Conflict Now Raging Between Evil and Good (c1911), by I. Mench Chambers, contrib. by J. R. Miller, illust. by J. Francis Hart
- A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life, by William Law (multiple formats with commentary at CCEL)
- Sermons Preached in a College Chapel; With an Appendix (London: Macmillan and Co., 1881), by J. R. Illingworth
- Sins of the Tongue, and Jealousy in Woman's Life, Followed by Discourses on Rash Judgments, Patience, and Grace (from the fourth London edition; Boston: Patrick Donahoe, 1874), by Mgr Landriot, trans. by Helena Lyons (PDF at Wayback Machine)
- Sketches From Life: or, Illustrations of the Influence of Christianity (published anonymously, but editorship attributed to Belcher; New York: American tract society, ca. 1856), ed. by Joseph Belcher
- The Soldier's Bible, by William W. Crumly (HTML and TEI at UNC)
- The Soul's Exodus and Pilgrimage (second edition; London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1862), by James Baldwin Brown (page images at HathiTrust)
- Spiritual Torrents (translated from the 1790 Paris edition), by Jeanne Marie Bouvier de La Motte Guyon, trans. by A. W. Marston (HTML at passtheword.org)
- Stones Rolled Away, and Other Addresses to Young Men, by Henry Drummond (multiple formats at CCEL)
- Strength and Beauty, by J. R. Miller (HTML at jr-miller.com)
- The Supersensual Life, by Jakob Böhme, trans. by William Law (HTML at CCEL)
- The Three Divine Sisters (with other works; London and Edinburgh: T. Nelson, 1847), by Thomas Adams, contrib. by W. H. Stowell (multiple formats at Google)
- Touching Incidents and Remarkable Answers to Prayer, by S. B. Shaw (HTML and RTF at CCEL)
- The Triumph of Art: An Allegory (Sioux Falls, SD: M. D. Scott, c1922), by Clarence J. Schilling
- Weariness (second edition; London: Rivingtons, 1883), by H. L. Sidney Lear (page images at HathiTrust)
- Week-Day Religion, by J. R. Miller (HTML at jr-miller.com)
- The Will of God and a Man's Lifework (New York: Young Men's Christian Association Press, 1911), by Henry B. Wright (page images at HathiTrust)
- Working for God!, by Andrew Murray (multiple formats with commentary at CCEL)
- Working With God (Kansas City, MO: Unity School of Christianity, 1947), by Gardner Hunting (page images at HathiTrust)
- Four Temperaments: Astrology and Personality Testing (Santa Barbara, CA: EastGate Publishers, c1992), by Martin Bobgan and Deidre Bobgan (PDF with commentary at psychoheresy.com)
- The Hem of His Garment: Life Story of Virginia Brandt Berg (originally published 1934), by Virginia Brandt Berg (HTML at virginiabrandtberg.com)
- The Reule of Crysten Religioun (EETS original series #171; London: Pub for the Early English Text Society by H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1927), by Reginald Pecock, ed. by William Cabell Greet (page images at HathiTrust; US access only)
- Comfort for Christians, by Arthur Walkington Pink (multiple formats at CCEL)
- A Confession, by Leo Tolstoy (multiple formats at CCEL)
- The Following of Christ (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1910), by Johannes Tauler, trans. by J. R. Morell (multiple formats at archive.org)
- Glory, by Arthur Blessitt (HTML at blessitt.com)
- The Greatest Thing in the World and Other Addresses, by Henry Drummond (HTML at CCEL)
- The Heart of Christianity (2 volumes; Philadelphia and Brantford: Bradley-Garretson Co., 1907), by T. S. Linscott
- Heavenward Bound: Words of Help for Young Christians, by Olive A. Wadsworth (page images at MOA)
- The Inner Chamber and the Inner Life (New York et al.: Fleming H. Revell Co., c1905), by Andrew Murray (multiple formats at archive.org)
- Letters to a Young Christian, by S. J. (Sarah Jackson) (page images at MOA)
- The Near and the Heavenly Horizons (New York: R. Carter and Bros., 1865), by Valérie Boissier de Gasparin (page images and uncorrected OCR text at MOA)
- Of the Love of God and Our Neighbour, in Several Sermons (third volume in a series of Barrow's sermons on various subjects; London: Printed by M. Flesher for B. Aylmer, 1680), by Isaac Barrow
- The Overcomers: Outstanding Christians Share the Secrets of Successful Living, by Russell Chandler (HTML at Wayback Machine)
- The Prayer Life (originally published 1912), by Andrew Murray (multiple formats at archive.org)
- A Present Heaven (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1864), by Dora Greenwell (page images and uncorrected OCR text at MOA)
- Profiting From the Word, by Arthur Walkington Pink (multiple formats at chapellibrary.org)
- Religious Duty (London: Trubner and Co., 1864), by Frances Power Cobbe (multiple formats at archive.org)
- A Ribband of Blue and Other Bible Studies, by James Hudson Taylor (Gutenberg text)
- Serious Hours of a Young Lady, by Charles Sainte-Foi, trans. by Philaletes (Gutenberg text)
- Soul Surgery: Some Thoughts on Incisive Personal Work, by H. A. Walter (multiple formats at archive.org)
- Spiritual Warfare: Winning the Daily Battle With Satan (1975 and 1999 editions), by Ray C. Stedman (HTML and PDF at raystedman.org)
- The Strenuous Life Spiritual; and The Submissive Life, by Albert Van der Naillen (multiple formats at archive.org)
- Studies in the Sermon on the Mount, by Oswald Chambers (multiple formats at archive.org)
- To Be Near Unto God (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans-Sevensma Co., 1918), by Abraham Kuyper
- Two of Me: The Struggle with Sin, by David R. Wilkerson (HTML at tcspulpitseries.org)
- The Way Lost and Found: A Book for the Young, Especially Young Men, by Joseph F. Tuttle (page images at MOA)
- Why Do You Swear?, by John Nevins Andrews
- Working With God, by Gardner Hunting (HTML at cornerstonebooks.net)
- The Promises of God Are Streams That Never Run Dry (originally published 1934), by Virginia Brandt Berg (HTML at virginiabrandtberg.com)
- Body Life (1995 edition), by Ray C. Stedman and James D. Denney (HTML and PDF files at raystedman.org)
- The Comrade in White, by William Harvey Leathem, contrib. by Hugh Black (Gutenberg text)
- The Comrade in White (New York et al.: F. H. Revell Co., c1916), by William Harvey Leathem and William Harvey Leathem, contrib. by Hugh Black
- God's Providence a Source of Comfort and Courage to Christians (published in NC during the Civil War), by A. M. Poindexter (HTML and TEI at UNC)
- The Great Day of Wrath and Glory, by John S. Long (HTML and TEI at UNC)
- A Persuaded Heart: A Woman's Potential for Genuine Freedom, by Gladys Hunt (HTML at Wayback Machine)
- Selected Letters, by Samuel Rutherford, ed. by Hugh Martin (text at CCEL)
- Sermons for the New Life, by Horace Bushnell (page images at MOA)
- The Signature of All Things, and Other Writings (London: J.M. Dent and Sons; New York: E.P. Dutton, 1912), by Jakob Böhme, contrib. by Clifford Bax (HTML at sacred-texts.com)
- The Soldier's Grave: A Chaplain's Story, by John C. McCabe (HTML and TEI at UNC)
- A True Story in Allegory, by Lottie L. Jarvis (HTML at timelesstruths.org)
- What All the World's A-Seeking: or, The Vital Law of True Life, True Greatness, Power and Happiness (revised edition; New York: T. Crowell and Co., c1899), by Ralph Waldo Trine
- What All the World's A-Seeking: or, The Vital Law of True Life, True Greatness, Power and Happiness (revised edition; New York: Dodge Publishing Co., n.d.), by Ralph Waldo Trine (Gutenberg text)
- The Screwtape Letters (c1942), by C. S. Lewis (HTML in Canada; NO US ACCESS)
- An Address to All the Colored Citizens of the United States (Philadelphia: Printed for the author by King and Baird, 1846), by John B. Meachum
- Advice to Soldiers (civil-war era), by William Royal (HTML and TEI at UNC)
- Dark Clouds, Silver Linings, by Archibald D. Hart (HTML at Wayback Machine)
- God's Way of Peace: A Book for the Anxious, by Horatius Bonar (multiple formats with commentary at CCEL)
- Holy Zeal, by Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria Shanūdah III, trans. by Glynis Younan (illustrated HTML at tasbeha.org)
- In God's Waiting Room: Learning Through Suffering, by Lehman Strauss (HTML at bible.org)
- Memoir of Mrs. Chloe Spear, a Native of Africa, Who was Enslaved in Childhood, and Died in Boston, January 3, 1815 (Boston: James Loring, 1832), by Rebecca Warren Brown (illustrated HTML and TEI at UNC)
- Prodigal Sons (Civil-war era publication), by Daniel Allen Penick (HTML and TEI at UNC)
- A Sketch of the Life of Capt. Hedley Vicars, the Christian Soldier (1863), by Catherine Marsh (HTML and TEI at UNC)
- Thoughts; Letters; Minor Works (Harvard Classics edition; New York: P. F. Collier and Son, c1910), by Blaise Pascal, ed. by O. W. Wight, trans. by W. F. Trotter and Mary L. Booth (page images at HathiTrust)
- A Tract for the Soldier (Raleigh: civil war era), by J. A. Proctor (HTML and TEI at UNC)
More items available under broader and related terms at left.