The Online Books Page

Languages, Mixed

Here are entered works discussing languages resulting from the intermingling of phonological, grammatical and/or lexical elements from different languages in areas of intensive language contact. Works discussing auxiliary, sometimes mixed, languages used among groups having no other language in common are entered under the heading Lingua francas. Works discussing lingua francas which are native to none of those using them and are characterized by a simplified grammar and often mixed vocabulary are entered under the heading Pidgin languages. Works discussing pidgin languages that have become established as the native language of a speech community are entered under the heading Creole dialects.

See also what's at your library, or elsewhere.

• Languages in contact
• Languages

• Pidgin languages

• Creole dialects

• Gobbledygook
• Hybrid languages
• Jargons
• Mixed languages

• Pidgin and Creole Languages: Essays in Memory of John E. Reinecke (originally published 1987; open access edition Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2019), ed. by Glenn G. Gilbert (PDF and Epub with commentary at hawaiiopen.org)
• Roots of Language (originally published 1981; this edition Berlin: Language Science Press, c2016), by Derek Bickerton (PDF with commentary at langsci-press.org)

• Creole Studies: Phylogenetic Approaches (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2017), ed. by Peter Bakker, Finn Birchsenius, Carsten Levisen, and Eeva Sippola (PDF and Epub at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• Creole Studies: Phylogenetic Approaches (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2017), ed. by Peter Bakker, Finn Birchsenius, Carsten Levisen, and Eeva Sippola (PDF and Epub at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• Annancy Stories (New York: R. H. Russell, 1899), by Pamela Colman Smith (multiple formats at archive.org)
• Jamaica Anansi Stories, by Martha Warren Beckwith, contrib. by Helen H. Roberts (HTML with sheet-music images at sacred-texts.com)

• The Grandisimmes: A Story of Creole Life (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1880), by George Washington Cable (HTML and TEI at UNC)
• The Grandissimes (1899 edition), by George Washington Cable, illust. by Albert Herter (Gutenberg text and illustrated HTML)
• Monsieur Motte, by Grace Elizabeth King (HTML and TEI at UNC)

Items below (if any) are from related and broader terms.

• Pidgin and Creole Languages: Essays in Memory of John E. Reinecke (originally published 1987; open access edition Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2019), ed. by Glenn G. Gilbert (PDF and Epub with commentary at hawaiiopen.org)

• Da Kine Talk: From Pidgin to Standard English in Hawaii (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1972), by Elizabeth Ball Carr, contrib. by Dong Jae Lee (PDF and Epub with commentary at Hawaii Open)

• The Aymara Language in its Social and Cultural Context (Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, c1981), ed. by Martha James Hardman (page images at Florida)

• Language Dispersal Beyond Farming (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2017), ed. by Martine Irma Robbeets and Alexander Savelyev (PDF and Epub with commentary at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• Report Of The Thirteenth Annual Round Table Meeting On Linguistics And Language Studies (Washington: Georgetown University Press, c1963), ed. by Elisabeth Delorme Woodworth and Robert J. Di Pietro (PDF at Georgetown)
• Report of the Fifth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Teaching (Washington: Georgetown University Press, c1954), ed. by Hugo J. Mueller (PDF at Georgetown)

• Current Issues in Bilingual Education (Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1980; Washington: Georgetown University Press, c1980), ed. by James E. Alatis (PDF at Georgetown)
• International Dimensions of Bilingual Education (Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1978; Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1978), ed. by James E. Alatis, contrib. by E. Glyn Lewis, William Francis Mackey, Einar Haugen, Joshua A. Fishman, Shirley Brice Heath, José Andrés Vázquez, Robert L. Cooper, Sarita G. Schotta, Henry Kahane, Renée Kahane, Braj B. Kachru, Muriel Saville-Troike, Maria Medina Swanson, Merrill Swain, Eric P. Hamp, H. H. Stern, Joan Rubin, Yolanda Lastra, Wallace E. Lambert, Christina Bratt Paulston, Bernard Spolsky, Gilbert Ansre, Bonifacio P. Sibayan, Adebisi Afolayan, Beatriz R. Lavandera, John W. Oller, G. Richard Tucker, Gary A. Cziko, Gilbert Narro Garcia, Charles H. Blatchford, Robert Lado, J. Donald Bowen, Robert J. Di Pietro, Mary Finocchiaro, Eduardo Hernandez-Chavez, Heidi C. Dulay, Marina K. Burt, John B. Carroll, Charles A. Ferguson, Roger W. Shuy, Dennis R. Craig, Frederic G. Cassidy, Alan R. Thomas, Nancy C. Dorian, William Leap, and Noel Epstein (PDF at Georgetown)
• Bilingualism and Language Contact (Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1970; Washington: Georgetown University Press, c1970), ed. by James E. Alatis (PDF at Georgetown)

• Current Issues in Bilingual Education (Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1980; Washington: Georgetown University Press, c1980), ed. by James E. Alatis (PDF at Georgetown)

• Current Issues in Bilingual Education (Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1980; Washington: Georgetown University Press, c1980), ed. by James E. Alatis (PDF at Georgetown)

• Sustaining Linguistic Diversity: Endangered and Minority Languages and Language Varieties (Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 2006; Washington: Georgetown University Press, c2008), ed. by Kendall A. King, Natalie Schilling-Estes, Jia Jackie Lou, Lyn Wright, and Barbara Soukup (PDF at Georgetown)

• Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Acquisition, Attrition and Change (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2015), ed. by Janne Bondi Johannessen and Joe Salmons (PDF files with commentary at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Acquisition, Attrition and Change (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2015), ed. by Janne Bondi Johannessen and Joe Salmons (PDF files with commentary at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• Trading Tongues: Merchants, Multilingualism, and Medieval Literature (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, c2013), by Jonathan Horng Hsy (PDF at Ohio State)

• A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2018), by R. D. Fulk (PDF at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• The Dawn of Dutch: Language Contact in the Western Low Countries Before 1200 (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2017), by Michiel de Vaan (PDF and Epub with commentary at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• DND Language Reform: Staffing the Bilingualism Programs, 1967-1977, by Armand Letellier (PDF in Canada)
• Bilingualism: Address Delivered before the Quebec Canadian Club (Quebec: Telegraph Printing Co., 1916), by Napoleon Antoine Belcourt (HTML at Gutenberg Canada)

• French Canadians and Bilingualism in the Canadian Forces, by Jean Pariseau and Serge Bernier
  • Volume I (1763-1969): PDF in Canada
  • Volume I (1969-1987): PDF in Canada

• Bilingualism: Address Delivered before the Quebec Canadian Club (Quebec: Telegraph Printing Co., 1916), by Napoleon Antoine Belcourt (HTML at Gutenberg Canada)

• Delivering on the Promise of Democracy: Visual Case Studies in Educational Equity and Transformation (Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, c2019), by Sukhwant Jhaj (multiple formats with commentary at Open Book Publishers)
• Reading in the Bilingual Classroom: Literacy and Biliteracy (originally printed 1978, reprinted 1984), by Kenneth S. Goodman, Yetta M. Goodman, and Barbara Flores (page images at HathiTrust)
• Improving Schooling for Language-Minority Children: A Research Agenda (1997), ed. by Diane August and Kenji Hakuta (page images at NAP)
• Applying Significant Bilingual Instructional Features in the Classroom, by William J. Tikunoff (PDF at ed.gov)
• Model Strategies in Bilingual Education: Professional Development, by Mary S. Leighton, Amy M. Hightower, and Pamela G. Wrigley (HTML at ed.gov)
• A Guide to Culture in the Classroom (Rosslyn, VA: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education, 1978), by Muriel Saville-Troike (page images at HathiTrust)
• A Guide to Family Reading in Two Languages: The Preschool Years (1977), by Theodore Andersson (PDF at ed.gov)

• The Case of Bilingual Education Strategies, ed. by Michael M. Meyer and Stephen E. Fienberg (page images with commentary at NAP)

• Language in Our Time: Bilingual Education and Official English, Ebonics and Standard English, Immigration and the Unz Initiative (Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1999; Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1999), ed. by James E. Alatis and Ai-Hui Tan (PDF at Georgetown)

• The Primary Synopsis of Universology and Alwato: The New Scientific Universal Language (New York: D. Thomas, 1871), by Stephen Pearl Andrews (multiple formats at archive.org)
• A Universal Alphabet, Grammar, and Language: Comprising a Scientific Classification of The Radical Elements of Discourse and Illustrative Translations From The Holy Scriptures and The Principal British Classics; To Which Is Added a Dictionary of The Language (London and Glassgow: R. Griffin and Co., ca. 1856), by George Edmonds
  • multiple formats at archive.org
  • page images at HathiTrust
• International Language, Past Present and Future; With Specimens of Esperanto and Grammar (London: J. M. Dent and Co., 1907), by Walter John Clark (multiple formats at archive.org)

• Studies in Övdalian Morphology and Syntax: New Research on a Lesser-Known Scandinavian Language (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., c2015), ed. by Kristine Bentzen, Janne Bondi Johannessen, and Henrik Rosenkvist (PDF files with commentary at John Benjamins e-Platform)

• The Uganda Protectorate (2 volumes, possibly from different editions; 1902-1904), by Harry Johnston, illust. by J. G. Bartholomew (page images with commentary at wdl.org)

• Einleitung zu Einer Amringisch-Föhringischen Sprachlehre (in German; Norden and Leipzig: D. Soltau, 1888), by Otto Bremer
  • page images at HathiTrust
  • multiple formats at Google; US access only
  • multiple formats at archive.org

• Central Asian Monuments, ed. by H. B. Paksoy
  • HTML in Italy
  • HTML at eurasia-research.com

• De Belgische Taalwetten (in Dutch; Gent: A. Siffer, 1892), by Alphonse Napoléon Prayon-van Zuylen van Nyevelt (page images at HathiTrust)

• Narratives of Low Countries History and Culture: Reframing the Past (London: UCL Press, 2016), ed. by Jane Fenoulhet and Lesley Gilbert
  • PDF with commentary at UCL Press
  • PDF files at JSTOR
• From Revolt to Riches: Culture and History of the Low Countries, 1500-1700, ed. by Theo Hermans and R. Salverda (PDF with commentary at UCL Press)

• DND Language Reform: Staffing the Bilingualism Programs, 1967-1977, by Armand Letellier (PDF in Canada)

• A Trip Through the Eastern Caucasus, With a Chapter on the Languages of the Country (London: Edward Stanford, 1889), by John Abercromby (page images at Wisconsin)

More items available under broader and related terms at left.