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From Gutenberg's Press to the Foundations of the Internet -- From Gutenberg to the Internet Timeline : An Annotated Chronology of Wide-Ranging Scientific, Social and Commercial Developments in the History of Information Technology from the Years 100 to 2004 -- Human Computers -- Mental calculation : a reminiscence of the late Mr. G.P. Bidder, past-president / Notes on the special development of calculating ability / Mechanizing the Production of Mathematical Tables -- A letter to Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart ... on the application of machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing mathematical tables / Scheutz's calculating machine and its use in the construction of the English life table no. 3 / An electric tabulating system / The application of the Hollerith tabulating machine to Brown's tables of the moon / Scientific computing service limited : a description of its activities, equipment and staff / The Earliest Data Networks -- Account of the Chappe optical telegraph / Improvement in the mode of communicating information by signals by the application of electro-magnetism / Researches in telephony / Wireless telegraphy / "Seeing by electricity" in 1880 -- Seeing round the world : what television will mean to you / Origins of the General Purpose Programmable Computer : Babbage's Analytical Engine -- Sketch of the analytical engine invented by Charles Babbage / Of the analytical engine / Automatic calculating machines / The Theory of the Universal Machine -- On computable numbers / [Review of] A.M. Turing, On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem / Letter covering the memorandum on the scope, etc., of a suggested computing machine (September 21, 1940) & memorandum on the mechanical solution of partial differential equations / A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity / Logical Design and Production of the First Electronic Digital Computers -- First draft of a report on the EDVAC / Description of the ENIAC and comments on electronic digital computing machines / Preliminary discussion of the logical design of an electronic computing instrument / Babbage's dream comes true / Remarks on the realization of large memory capacity / Benchmarking the earliest electro-mechanical and electronic computers / Whirlwind I : a high-speed electronic digital computer -- The best way to design an automatic calculating machine / Principles of operation : Type 70 and associated equipment / Electronic numerical integrator and computer / Cramming more components onto integrated circuits / The Origins of Computer Programming -- Solution of examples / General principles of coding and flow-diagramming / A tentative instruction code for a statistical EDVAC (Code C-1, April 24, 1947) & instructional code C-1 for statistical machine (EDVAC II) / The design of programs for electronic computing machines / The education of a computer / Automatic programming : definitions / Early Applications of Electronic Computers -- Translation : memorandum dated July 15, 1949 / The application of calculating machines to business and commerce / The computation of Fourier syntheses with a digital electronic calculating machine / Electronic business machines : a new tool for management / Man-computer symbiosis / On-line man-computer communication / Sketchpad : a man-machine graphical communication system / Computing and Intelligence -- The mind of mechanical man / Computing machinery and intelligence / Programming a computer for playing chess / Computers and automata / A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence (August 31, 1955) / Programs with common sense / Attitudes toward intelligent machines / Communication Theory -- A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits / A mathematical theory of communication / Error detecting and error correcting codes / Origins of the Internet -- As we may think / Information flow in large communication nets / Message delay in communication nets with storage / Waiting times for certain queue disciplines / The computer as a communication device / Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication / UCLA to be first station in nationwide computer network / A protocol for packet network intercommunication /
Infinity, Paradox, and Mathematics -- Paradox and Causal Finitism -- Some Mathematical and Logical Notes -- Modality -- Metaphysical possibility and necessity -- Rearrangement principles -- Defeasibility -- Causal powers -- Finitism: An Alternate Hypothesis -- Time and finitism -- Non-causal paradoxes: An advantage? -- Mathematics: A disadvantage -- Infinitely many primes -- Potential infinity -- *If-thenism -- Future infinities -- *Defining the Finite and the Countable -- finite -- Acceptable models for the axioms of arithmetic -- Evaluation -- Appendix: *Counting Future Things -- Infinite Regresses -- How to Violate Causal Finitism -- Infinite Causal Regresses -- Type (i): Uncaused Regresses -- Viciousness -- Vicious regresses and the Hume-Edwards Principle -- Regresses and explanatory loops -- Type (ii): Causation Passing through Infinitely Many Steps -- Type (iii): Outside Cause Directly Causing Each Item -- Options -- Regresses with outside overdetermination -- *Analogy with Axiom of Regularity -- Evaluation -- Appendix: *Two Kinds of Violations of Causal Finitism -- Supertasks and Deterministic Paradoxes -- Introduction -- Thomson's Lamp Revisited -- Introduction -- Causal finitism -- Non-standard analysis -- Special Relativity -- Benacerraf s solution and the Principle of Sufficient Reason -- Two counterfactuals -- Evaluation -- Grim Reapers -- Introduction -- Causal finitism -- absurd conclusion objection -- rearrangement objection -- mereological objection -- Fusion -- Necessary emergence of organic wholes -- Uncaused lighting -- Objection -- Causal Principle is true -- Is the lamp lighting really uncaused? -- mysterious correlation -- Discrete time -- Evaluation -- Infinite Newtonian Universes -- argument against causal finitism and a riposte -- Smullyan's rod -- conditional -- Another Eternal Life -- Time Travel and Causal Loops -- Grandfathers and togglers -- Time travel and backwards causation without causal loops -- Evaluation -- Paradoxical Lotteries -- Introduction -- Countably Infinite Fair Lotteries -- Background -- Expected surprise -- guessing game -- Symmetry -- Symmetry and lotteries -- *Symmetry and expected utility -- Bayesian manipulation -- paradox -- *A switchover point? -- *Countable additivity and conglomerability -- Improving everyone's chances -- Constructing Paradoxical Lotteries -- Fairness and paradoxicality -- Lucky coin-flip sequences -- What it is to construct a countably infinite fair lottery -- *Coin-flips and the Axiom of Choice -- Random walks -- Objections -- Infinite lotteries and uniform distributions -- problem -- Response I: No continuous distributions -- Response II: Measurement of infinite precision data -- Response III: The use of the Axiom of Choice -- *A non-normalizable quantum state -- Limitations on our reasoning -- Evaluation -- Probability and Decision Theory -- Introduction -- Guessing with Finitely Many Errors -- Doing a little better than one can -- contradiction -- Doing much better than one can -- *Construction of strategy guaranteeing at most finitely many errors -- multipersonal synchronic version -- angelic announcement -- objection and a tweak -- *Making the paradox robust -- parody? -- story -- Evaluating the parody -- Satan's Apple -- story -- Synchronic version -- Diachronic version -- Objection: Scores, desires, and promises -- Evaluation -- Beam's Paradox -- *The mathematical formulation -- *Synchronic version -- *Diachronic infinite future version -- *Diachronic supertask version -- Evaluation of Beam's paradox -- Evaluation of Decision-Theoretic Paradoxes -- Appendix: *Proof of the Theorem from Section 2.1 -- Axiom of Choice Machine -- Less Technical Introduction -- *The Axiom of Choice for Countable Collections of Reals -- *Paradoxes of ACCR -- Die-guessing games -- Non-measurable sets -- Banach-Tarski paradox -- *An Argument for ACCR -- *A Choice Machine -- Strange mathematics and paradox -- Coin-flips and Dutch Books -- How to construct a Choice Machine -- Angels -- four-dimensional machine -- Making the machine -- Using the machine -- Causal infinitism and verifying the machine's match -- three-dimensional machine -- **Is AC needed? -- Luck -- Evaluation -- Appendix: **Details of Coin-Toss Rearrangement -- Refinement, Alternatives, and Extensions -- Introduction -- Refinement -- Event and trope individuation -- Histories generated by partial causal relations -- closer look at Grim Reapers -- Objections to causal finitism involving partial causation -- Absences and omissions -- Some Competitors to Causal Finitism -- Finitism -- No infinite regresses -- No past infinities -- No infinite intensive magnitudes -- basic theory -- Some infinite intensive magnitudes -- Center of mass and moments of inertia -- Mental life -- Black holes -- Particles -- Huemer's intensive magnitudes -- Speed, Thomson's Lamp, and Hilbert's Hotel -- *Smullyan's rod -- Immaterial minds -- Evaluation -- No room -- Why is Causal Finitism True? -- question -- Some explanatory suggestions -- Further Extensions -- Causal loops -- Explanatory relations -- Overall Evaluation -- Discrete Time and Space -- Introduction -- Causal Finitism and Discreteness -- basic argument -- From discrete time to discrete space? -- Two Kinds of Discreteness -- Subdivisibility and fixeity -- Refining the Aristotelian picture -- objection to Aristotelian discreteness -- Internal and external discreteness -- Physics -- objection to causal finitism -- Causation and physics -- Quantum collapse -- Some background -- Causation -- Back to discrete time -- Fields and Discrete Space -- Evaluation -- First Cause -- Introduction -- Uncaused Cause -- quick argument -- Towards a necessary being -- Support for the Causal Principle -- Kalam argument -- Compatibility with Theism? -- Theism -- Divine motivation -- Divine knowledge -- Divine action -- Limits on metaphysical possibility -- Evaluation -- Conclusions
Oxford [England] ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2011.
9780199574131 (acid-free paper)
Introduction: Why look at causality in the sciences? : a manifesto / Health sciences: Causality, theories and medicine / Inferring causation in epidemiology : mechanisms, black boxes, and contrasts / Causal modeling, mechanism, and probability in epidemiology / The IARC and mechanistic evidence / The Russo-Williamson thesis and the question of whether smoking causes heart disease / Psychology: Causal thinking / When and how do people reason about unobserved causes? / Counterfactual and generative accounts of causal attribution / The autonomy of psychology in the age of neuroscience / Turing machines and causal mechanisms in cognitive science / Real causes and ideal manipulations : Pearl's theory of causal inference from the point of view of psychological research methods / Social sciences: Causal mechanisms in the social realm / Getting past Hume in the philosophy of social science / Causal explanation : recursive decompositions and mechanisms / Counterfactuals and causal structure / The error term and its interpretation in structural models in econometrics / A comprehensive causality test based on the singular spectrum analysis / Natural sciences: Mechanism schemas and the relationship between biological theories / Chances and causes in evolutionary biology : how many chances become one chance / Drift and the causes of evolution / In defense of a causal requirement on explanation / Epistemological issues raised by research on climate change / Explicating the notion of 'causation' : the role of extensive quantities / Causal completeness of probability theories : results and open problems / Computer science, probability, and statistics: Causality workbench / When are graphical causal models not good models? / Why making Bayesian networks objectively Bayesian makes sense / Probabilistic measures of causal strength / A new causal power theory / Multiple testing of causal hypotheses / Measuring latent causal structure / The structural theory of causation / Defining and identifying the effect of treatment on the treated / Predicting 'it will work for us' : (way) beyond statistics / Causality and mechanisms: The idea of mechanism / Singular and general causal relations : a mechanist perspective / Mechanisms are real and local / Mechanistic information and causal continuity / The causal-process-model theory of mechanisms / Mechanisms in dynamically complex systems / Third time's a charm : causation, science and Wittgensteinian pluralism /
1 video media player (120 min.) :
ISBN/ISSN:
9781616573690
9781616573690
Thinking like a scientist: the scientific method -- Science tools for lab and life! #1 -- Properties of matter, part 1 -- Properties of matter, part 2: liquids, solids and gases -- Simple machines -- How things move -- The magic of magnetism.
