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1. Structural Changes in a Reforming World Economy: Implications for Indonesia 1998

   https://ncsu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1bb9MwFLbY9gAviJtEuYw88IaipbETJ2ga2tAQE0-I7oEXLDdxaCTWVWuG2L_nO7ZzU6uJy0PSNnUa1-fz8Xfsc44Ze10ZLUUV8TCZpiYUuirCHCNPSNS1qHhRCTunO5zM-dbGwmz1Yj_4b9HiGoRLobJ_Id7uR3EB7yFknCFmnP9I0F9sBlibPcOFClgPV42GIz5KMwHOYcaFINsET2dDN3LyMzyjPT3MutajNV6fmdtFm_gCyzfGhzLbzLQDF8RjGybjFvE_3Vz0a1NUpebaBwbV_TSDjbsbu2zMNnb8GEyOtbpVhiL32tQ4dSok-Hvspyu9vvWf6qE57kbeZDAMT12I6oaG71wiJZ6Vg55wDjMbPCjqR7TOz5CmJkQeZztsL5Z5TjtcnJ6c93GzXPodFV3N29BKyr2-5QEj6jJKbDsyT_auzMoUo4wMlqzMHrD73soIjh1aHrI7ZvmI3W2D0NeP2dceNYFHTVAvAx0cLo464AQWOIEHzuHB4uhtMIROgHJ0QwcOKvKEnX84nb3_GPpdNsIC2roJU3BwmZZRlYk5bOM8KoTmpZmWVZYWEdhqUUQlbSCC4nNhQJGliIzGuBinMi8r_pQFIDlaGhPpItVgO7HOqjITptQxGGSSxRMWti2nVi6Lipp2yWk3W3rC-LB5VWPRVzngbb1DNb-aCctuuYvf_sBXrQAV9CstmumlubxeqyTPJChtPmEnVq5d_RtdzSmj6Vr9VFxzgdMNDuo7eKnpGo4VjiyBnc3VormYsHcECgUeDGhbnafIE1y5euOby6vvClCn1kHlUlWbHyiswBlTMj7ks3__j8_Zvb5jv2C7wJl5yXZJye6zHTn7vG97x2-5Xsa3

   Anderson, Kym; Pangestu, Mari

   Bulletin Of Indonesian Economic Studies, Vol. 34, Issue 3, pp. 85 - 113.

   How will rapid East Asian industrialisation and international trade policy reforms affect Indonesia's economy? Taking an economy-wide perspective and drawing on projections to 2005, based on a glob... Read more

   How will rapid East Asian industrialisation and international trade policy reforms affect Indonesia's economy? Taking an economy-wide perspective and drawing on projections to 2005, based on a global applied general equilibrium model (GTAP), we show the impact of Uruguay Round implementation, and explore other international influences on Indonesia's and neighbouring economies. Trade reforms likely to accompany China's (and Taiwan's) membership of the WTO are projected to boost the competitiveness of Indonesia's primary sectors at the expense of light manufacturing and the overall economy, while failure by OECD countries to honour Uruguay Round obligations to open their textile and clothing markets would reduce industrialisation in the region, slowing growth in its net food imports. The benefits to Indonesia of APEC liberalisations are also reported. All projections were completed in 1997 before the enormity of the financial crisis became clear; follow-on research should quantify the growth slowdown's impact on these results. Read less

   Journal Article  |  Full Text Online

2. Will the Uruguay Round and APEC reforms harm air and water quality in Indonesia? 2009

   https://ncsu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1LS8NAEB6kHnxctAo-yyJeY7NJNtlAUdJSsacWsQhewmazq5VaNWlR_72zadLHQQ85hE0uM7t838zONwNwqZUIPG27FqO-sjyhpRUi8liGukrtSu0VOd2VZA6wSgtjyiqLusDiFh8JUjJWRb2yoQbN1ys5ndL8k315eMYx6NlEdKJODTbb0d1Tf5FcsXmAwGWbKCzktm9gySm77VTvYaWjo0FzOOivLAXUFHut9lpYqVV0SuS53YNdo0YgRiaAFtiHDTWpw070nJU9M1QdtipxcV6H7eXs3DrslcVtYkzKI3wAjybBQpD1kWE2e56JH3JvBisRgU806HYIIibS2JyYltZEjLJi5QsZaUbmAswfMpqQ1st1z8wBUflItJov1zeHMLztPnTurHK4giURgaamBhNjQ-kyT3FOacp8oTl3EzdhknrScWztapawNOVKIw1L0aeK2ppSGWqNpOcICGKbCJSyhfQFgpwjuE65p1LhIHFg3DkGb2HDWCbv8ZqV4--3cdxpr5s-Qn8cw8Xyt9nH-x8fnRY-iU0wkmMMs9wZGNWc_Lt6CtvzS6HAst0zqE2zmTqHmhFNNJBcB71GuaF-Ac0TxEk

   Strutt, Anna; Anderson, Kym

   Indonesia In A Reforming World Economy, pp. 61 - 103.

   Most-favoured-nation (MFN) trade liberalisations will always improve global economic welfare even in the presence of environmental externalities, provided optimal environmental policies are in plac... Read more

   Most-favoured-nation (MFN) trade liberalisations will always improve global economic welfare even in the presence of environmental externalities, provided optimal environmental policies are in place (Anderson and Blackhurst 1992; Corden 1997, Ch. 13). However, where national environmental standards differ markedly between countries and international environmental spillovers are significant, globally optimal environmental policies will differ from nationally optimal ones. That, plus the fact that in many (especially developing) countries the enforcement of environmental policies is often less than optimal even from a national viewpoint, raises in some people's minds (e.g., Chichilnisky 1994) the question of whether liberalising trade between rich and poor countries is desirable. To begin to assess whether the standard gains from trade are sufficient to outweigh any loss in welfare due to added environmental damage, and to foreshadow the need for environmental policy changes to accompany trade reforms, empirical studies of the resource depletion and environmental degradation effects of such reforms are needed.This Chapter provides a methodology for doing that and illustrates it with a case study of Indonesia, a large newly industrialising country that is rich in natural resources and committed to taking part in major multilateral and regional trade liberalisations over the next two decades. Read less

   Book Chapter  |  Full Text Online

3. Trade liberalisation and soil degradation in Indonesia 2009

   https://ncsu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1LT8JAEJ4YiM-LoomIksZ4LWxfbJsQEkAQTniQi5dmu90VDIJSiPLvnV1aHge9NGm3s4fZ3XwzszPfADxIwagriWN6Vk2YLpPcDBB5TGW6culw6eqY7k4wB7ysFkalVeq8QH2LjwZSNBE6X1mZBtX3Cl8srOTL-3bxjKOnnkd0suwc5FvN3utgE1whPkXgIsoLC3xSU7Bkp2w72XuQ1dFZtDp8HuwMUatCVDe7LdfCTq6ikyJP9xzOVDWCocoEUAMXcCCmBThtvs1TzgxRgKMseb0Ahx1NQr0qwHFWcay-Pun2vatLeKyPGohOsahXRw1Dp5YoAkS9OgabxkYyG0-MWBFIrHstGeOpgTJ91fNDJGOm5K5g2O28tHtm2kfB5Ag2C5OLSPqUczuKOY0CD2Ga4TF2RRxRTkUgmSK1C6QdS4pQ5QmJTwdNESIDLmzXuQYDYYxRIQjjNYZ4ZjNfxj7OgBOhhG8Xwd2oK-TRLNxTaPjzMQnbrX0tN9HaLML9Vmz5Ofvjp5JWf6j8jgTdle0mCC1y8-9oCU7W9z_UJM4t5BbzpbiDnKqPKKMdTfvldO_8Arg7vOw

   Strutt, Anna

   Indonesia In A Reforming World Economy, pp. 40 - 60.

   This chapter extends the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model to include the effects of land degradation for the Indonesian economy. For Indonesia, soil erosion appears to be one of the most ... Read more

   This chapter extends the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model to include the effects of land degradation for the Indonesian economy. For Indonesia, soil erosion appears to be one of the most significant environmental problems caused by agricultural production. We simulate the off-site environmental damage and onsite productivity impacts of erosion, along with the standard intersectoral and interregional economic effects of trade liberalisation. We then analyse the welfare implications of trade policy changes where soil erosion occurs and land productivity is reduced.Land degradation may have significant adverse effects, particularly in developing countries (Scherr and Yadav 1996; Rosegrant and Ringler 1997). For example, in countries such as Costa Rica, Malawi, Mali and Mexico, soil erosion is estimated to cause national economic losses of between 0.5 and 1.5 percent of annual GDP (World Bank 1992a). Countries with fragile tropical land are particularly problematic, and rural poverty in developing countries may force people with no other options to exploit available resources beyond their sustainable capacity (Pinstrup-Anderson and Pandya-Lorch 1994).Indonesia also appears to suffer significant negative effects from land degradation, with World Bank estimates suggesting that soil erosion on Java costs the economy US$340-406 million per year in 1989 dollars (Magrath and Arens 1989). Of this, nearly 80 percent is due to declines in the productivity of agricultural land. The other 20 percent or so is due to off-site costs such as siltation of irrigation systems and the loss of reservoir capacity. Read less

   Book Chapter  |  Full Text Online

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