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1. First Report of White Mold Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Borago officinalis in Italy 2008

   https://ncsu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV07T8MwELaACQbegvKSkVgYotaOEydjKVR0QEIqMCFZflaVUIKadui_5-ykhSKQQMqQJa-7s_1d7vx9CF3pxBhnO75mqHnEtM4iJSmJjIejAM9Jrvnqz5wlTc73Cn7O2o-3g2GUBwUOwgnpwnQbc8ZCYj783ALJwq43ACwkopCCNBXJn26wsgKtO1n-Di7DItPfQS-LrTqht8QrGnxtsm8HYsPAZvGFxPEPn7KLthvYibt1nOyhNVvso63uaNJQb9gD9NofAxLENSLHpcNBOw8_lG8G9-SssgarOR7C5ZNyOi7GElfNuedzwGWBbyCcRiWuWSk8wK_wuMADgPfzQ_Tcv3vq3UeN9kKkAcJMIwZzoHUyTiVJFeVpzpKOjKlyACFU4rRyqU6Iyjq5NI4TZWFsU86toWmmU8fjY4RppozUXnIMsjYWe1ljG0uWqdwlBvKeFrpeOEK819waoq6JM-FNJXIqCBzeVC10DJ4SEuxSiech9QVXAqkOwK0Wuly4T8DY8AUPWdhyVgmvVd7JfemzhY5qvy4fBHNb6sHTyT9e4hRthnaR0M1yhjamk5k9Rxs-Di5COH4A9N3W7g

   Garibaldi, A; Pensa, P; Bertetti, D; Gullino, M.L

   Plant Disease, Vol. 92, Issue 12, p. 1711.

   Borago officinalis L. (common borage) is a flowering plant belonging to the Boraginaceae with several culinary and medicinal uses and grown in soil or as potted plants in Liguria (northern Italy). ... Read more

   Borago officinalis L. (common borage) is a flowering plant belonging to the Boraginaceae with several culinary and medicinal uses and grown in soil or as potted plants in Liguria (northern Italy). At the end of winter in 2008, extensive chlorosis was observed on potted plants of B. officinalis grown in containers on a farm near Albenga (northern Italy). Initial symptoms included stem necrosis at the soil level and darkening of leaves. Disease was characterized by the presence of soft, watery tissues, particularly on affected leaves. As stem and foliar necrosis progressed, infected plants wilted and died. Wilt occurred within a few days on young plants. Symptomatic plants were found on 10 farms: average disease incidence in some nurseries reached 20%. Necrotic tissues became covered with a whitish mycelium that produced dark sclerotia. The diseased stem tissue was surface disinfected for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 100 ppm of streptomycin sulfate. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (2) was consistently recovered from infected stem pieces. Sclerotia observed on infected plants at the soil level measured 2 to 9 × 1.5 to 7 (average 6 × 3) mm. Sclerotia produced on PDA measured 3 to 7 × 2 to 4 (average 4.4 × 3.1) mm. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 (3) and then sequenced. BLAST analysis of the 521-bp segment showed a 100% homology with the sequence of S. sclerotiorum. The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. EU627005. Pathogenicity of four isolates obtained from infected plants and used in mixture was confirmed by inoculating 10 30-day-old plants grown in 14-cm-diameter pots that were maintained in the greenhouse. Inoculum, consisting of 1-cm mycelial plugs excised from a 10-day-old PDA culture of each isolate, was placed on the soil surface around the base of each plant. Ten noninoculated plants served as a control. Plants were covered with a plastic bag for 4 days after inoculation. The inoculation trial was repeated once. All plants were kept at an average temperature of 20°C and watered as needed. All inoculated plants developed symptoms of leaf yellowing within 4 days, followed by the appearance of white mycelium and sclerotia and eventual wilt. Control plants remained symptomless. S. sclerotiorum was reisolated from the stems of inoculated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of white mold on B. officinalis in Italy as well as in Europe. The disease was recently reported in North Dakota (1). The economic importance of this disease is currently low; however, the request of borage for culinary uses is increasing. References: (1) C. A. Bradley et al. Plant Dis. 89:208, 2005. (2) N. F. Buchwald. Den. Kgl. Veterin.er-og Landbohojskoles Aarsskrift 5:1949. (3) D. E. I. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997. Read less

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2. First Report of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on African Daisy (Osteospermum sp.) in Italy 2008

   https://ncsu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV07T8MwELagEwy8RcNLRmIog2lqu3mMVUtFJ5BCWS3bcVAGkqpph_57znmUFoRgixRbSXwX3_f57O8QutP9OE6Ma3OG2idc64AoSXsktnAU4Hkv1P72Ys5aLPp7Bj_k3ZfRJCIhJUB8w4AOYbZlPuclL4--TkDy8tAb4JUeocBAGhGfn_234s9uIvNfoCWtQ8z4EE2bgzrlzhJbz2Bzi323lDUstSw2JBz__pAjdFBjTjyonOQY7ZjsBO0P3ue17oY5RW_jFGAgruA4zhMcQct5vkizVOKivra6DTjPcFVbKMMjmRYr3MHP4Cml4vgH3C9mD_c4zfAEUP3qDE3Hj6_DJ1KXXCCacXdBfAhOXkyprxLJvFADGQt8I5OeVsY1hieKKzeWYd_1AFgo5ikNragxACvjgEvWRpgGKpbaVhoDssaZrWZsmOSBCpN-DHTHQZ3GAmJWSWqIKhXOhR0jEVLhiXKMHNQGCwkJA1KIaURtmhUwHwMO6qDbxmwC_gib5pCZyZeFsBXKbbqPuQ46r-y5fg7MaB4AMPfi_-9wifaqPSJ25eUKtRbzpblGLWv-m9IJPwE_a9QA

   Garibaldi, A; Pensa, P; Minuto, A; Gullino, M.L

   Plant Disease, Vol. 92, Issue 6, p. 982.

   African daisy (Osteospermum sp.) is an ornamental plant grown in the winter as a potted plant in Liguria (northern Italy) and is generally marketed in early-to-late spring in Italy and central and ... Read more

   African daisy (Osteospermum sp.) is an ornamental plant grown in the winter as a potted plant in Liguria (northern Italy) and is generally marketed in early-to-late spring in Italy and central and northern Europe. In the winter of 2006, stem lesions, general chlorosis, wilt, and plant death occurred in a greenhouse nursery. Affected plants were characterized by the presence of soft, watery tissues. Necrotic tissues were covered with a white, cottony mycelium. During periods of high humidity, black sclerotia differentiated within the mycelium. To recover the pathogen, diseased stem tissue was surface sterilized for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 100 mg/l of streptomycin sulfate. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (2) was consistently isolated from affected tissue. Sclerotia produced on PDA measured 1.3 to 3.1 × 1.5 to 3.5 mm in diameter. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 and then sequenced. BLASTn analysis (1) of the 633 bp showed a 100% identity with S. sclerotiorum. The nucleotide sequence was assigned GenBank Accession No. EU 556701. Pathogenicity of two isolates obtained from infected plants was confirmed by inoculating 10 80-day-old plants grown in 14-cm-diameter pots. Inoculum consisted of 1 cm of mycelium excised from a 10-day-old PDA culture of each isolate and placed on the soil surface around the base of each plant. Ten plants were inoculated with each isolate and 10 noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse under shade at temperatures of 10 to 22°C (average 19°C), in high relative humidity (>90%), and were watered as needed. The trial was conducted twice. All inoculated plants developed leaf yellowing within 12 days of inoculation. White, cottony mycelium and black sclerotia developed on stems and at the base of all inoculated plants, which eventually wilted. Control plants remained symptomless. S. sclerotiorum was reisolated from the stems of inoculated plants. This disease has been reported on an Osteospermum sp. in the United States (3) and Argentina (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of white mold on an Osteospermum sp. in Italy as well as in Europe. Currently, the economic importance of this disease is limited. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) N. F. Buchwald. Den. Kgl. Veterin.er-og Landbohojskoles Aarsskrift. 75, 1949. (3) H. S. Gill. Plant Dis. Rep. 59:82, 1975. (4) E. R. Wright et al. Plant Dis. 89:1014, 2005. Read less

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3. First Report of White Mold Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Oreganum vulgare and Taraxacum... 2007

   https://ncsu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1LS8QwEB7Ukx58o_UZwYuHYttMd9ujrC7uQRRWvZa8KgvSSrsr7r93knbXBwp6SyEt6WQy-SaT-QbgVMVa5yawMUPV9VGpxJciCn1t4SjB8zBV3a-HOXOanO8R_BTP7y4HQ1qS1l6EvBP0yNzyLqJzzIcfKZDost4IsIR-RC5IG5H86QNfdqDFXJS_gEvebjL9NXicpeq4uyW2osHnS_bnjtjQsVl8InH8w6-sw2oLO9lFoycbsGCKTVi5eKpa6g2zBXV_REiQNYiclTlztfPYTfmsWU9MaqOZnLIhvV6V41ExEqxu25bPgZUFu63Mkyio_TqxCSKGiUKze1GJN6FsD8dWQcMwbFSwAaH-6TY89K_ue9d-W5LBV4Tzxj5H08lTqQlWBYGUhL2MTBUmXGqNqUYTd2XSiXOZRxxFrEhDTEdECvNQEtJM-C6wKJFaKFuJjJw55LbaseECE5nmsSZ3yIOz2fxkLw3lRtaEyjGzEszS0D1bCXqwSxOYCRJXnT0MIxuHtSR7BLM8OJ7NakZLxsZBRGHKSZ1FASeziujByW89yO8N0bqyHuw0CjEfChnFhHBuvPePYe7DsjsTdpcAD2BpXE3MISxZBTpyevwODHnr7g

   Garibaldi, A; Minuto, A; Gullino, M.L

   Plant Disease, Vol. 91, Issue 10, p. 1360.

   Oreganum vulgare (wild marjoram) and Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) plants with culinary and medicinal uses are grown in the field and as potted plants in Liguria in northern Italy. In the spring... Read more

   Oreganum vulgare (wild marjoram) and Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) plants with culinary and medicinal uses are grown in the field and as potted plants in Liguria in northern Italy. In the spring of 2006, extensive chlorosis was observed on both crops on commercial farms. Economic losses were low. Symptoms included foliar necrosis and a watery decay of the stem at the soil level. Necrotic tissues became covered with a whitish mycelium that produced dark sclerotia. Eventually, affected plants wilted and died. Samples of diseased stem tissue were surface sterilized for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 100 mg/l of streptomycin sulfate. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (1) was consistently recovered from diseased stem pieces. Sclerotia from infected O. vulgare plants measured 1.8 to 3.4 × 1.8 to 6.1 (average 2.5 to 3.6) mm. Sclerotia from these isolates measured 1.3 to 4.7 × 1.6 to 6.1 (average 2.7 to 3.4) mm on PDA. Sclerotia from infected T. officinale plants measured 1.8 to 3.4 × 1.8 to 6.1 (average 2.5 to 3.6) mm. Sclerotia from these isolates measured 1.7 to 5.2 × 2.0 to 5.7 (average 3.3 to 3.8) mm on PDA. Pathogenicity of three isolates obtained from O. vulgare and three isolates from T. officinale was confirmed on each host. Inoculum consisted of 1 cm of mycelial plugs excised from a 10-day-old PDA culture of each isolate. Plants were inoculated by placing a mycelial plug on the soil surface around the base of each plant. Ten plants were inoculated per isolate and an equal number of noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants were incubated at 10 to 27°C (average 18°C) and watered as needed. Pathogenicity tests were repeated once. All inoculated plants developed chlorosis within 12 to 18 days, followed by the appearance of white mycelium and sclerotia, and eventually wilt. Control plants remained symptomless. S. sclerotiorum was reisolated from inoculated plants of both hosts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of white mold on O. vulgare in Italy as well as worldwide and the first report of white mold on T. officinale in Italy. S. sclerotiorum is a well known pathogen of T. officinale (2) and its use as a mycoherbicide has been proposed (3). References: (1) N. F. Buchwald. Page 75. Den. Kgl. Veterin.er-og Landbohojskoles Aarsskrift, 1949. (2) D. M. McLean. Plant Dis. Rep. 35:162, 1951 (3) G. E. Riddle et al. Weed Sci. 39:109, 1991. Read less

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