The Online Books Page

Dwight D. Eisenhower

(Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969)

An official portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower

Image from Wikimedia Commons

Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th president of the United States, serving from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe and achieved the five-star rank as General of the Army. Eisenhower planned and supervised two of the most consequential military campaigns of World War II: Operation Torch in the North Africa campaign in 1942–1943 and the invasion of Normandy in 1944. (From Wikipedia)

More about Dwight D. Eisenhower:

Associated authors:

More specific subjects:

Books about Dwight D. Eisenhower -- Books by Dwight D. Eisenhower

Books about Dwight D. Eisenhower:

Filed under: Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969

Eisenhower's Legacy: The Report of the Legacy Committee on Dwight David Eisenhower's Military Achievements, Presidential Accomplishments, and Lifetime of Public Service (2003), by Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Committee (PDF at Wayback Machine)
The Gaither Committee, Eisenhower, and the Cold War (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, c1999), by David L. Snead (PDF at Ohio State)
Trade and Aid: Eisenhower's Foreign Economic Policy, 1953-1961 (originally published 1982; open access edition Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019), by Burton Ira Kaufman (multiple formats with commentary at Project MUSE)

Filed under: Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969 -- Correspondence

The Presidential Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower (electronic edition, 2005; from the full set of Eisenhower papers published by JHU Press), by Dwight D. Eisenhower, ed. by Louis Galambos, Daun Van Ee, and Bernard C. Pobiak (HTML at Wayback Machine)

Filed under: Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969 -- Influence

Eisenhower's Legacy: The Report of the Legacy Committee on Dwight David Eisenhower's Military Achievements, Presidential Accomplishments, and Lifetime of Public Service (2003), by Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Committee (PDF at Wayback Machine)

Filed under: Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969 -- Military leadership

Dwight David Eisenhower: The Centennial (1990), by United States Army (multiple formats at archive.org)
Eisenhower as Strategist: The Coherent Use of Military Power in War and Peace (1993), by Steven Metz (PDF with commentary at armywarcollege.edu)

Filed under: Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969 -- Relations with African Americans

President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Civil Rights (Washington, DC: Eisenhower World Affairs Institute, 2000), by Terrence J. Roberts and Rocco C. Siciliano, contrib. by Michael S. Mayer (PDF at Wayback Machine)

32 additional books about Dwight D. Eisenhower in the extended shelves:

Ike's letters to a friend, 1941-1958 (University Press of Kansas, 1984), by Dwight D. Eisenhower, Robert Griffith, and Everett E. Hazlett (page images at HathiTrust)
My friend Ike (F. Fell, 1956), by Marty Snyder (page images at HathiTrust)
Black man in the White House; a diary of the Eisenhower years by the administrative officer for special projects, the White House, 1955-1961. (Coward-McCann, 1963), by E. Frederic Morrow (page images at HathiTrust)
The politician (Belmont Pub. Co., 1963), by Robert Welch (page images at HathiTrust)
Memorial services in the Congress of the United States and tributes in eulogy of Dwight David Eisenhower, late a President of the United States (U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1970), by 1st session United States. 91st Congress and United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Printing (page images at HathiTrust)
Six roads from Abilene: some personal recollections of Edgar Eisenhower. (Wood & Reber, 1960), by Edgar Eisenhower and John Dennis McCallum (page images at HathiTrust)
Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 20 to December 31, 1953. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1960), by Dwight D. Eisenhower, United States. Office of the Federal Register, and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Dwight D. Eisenhower 1954 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 1 to December 31, 1954. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1960), by Dwight D. Eisenhower, United States. Office of the Federal Register, and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Dwight D. Eisenhower 1955 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 1 to December 31, 1955. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1959), by Dwight D. Eisenhower, United States. Office of the Federal Register, and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Dwight D. Eisenhower 1956 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 1 to December 31, 1956. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1958), by Dwight D. Eisenhower, United States. Office of the Federal Register, and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Dwight D. Eisenhower 1957 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 1 to December 31, 1957. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1958), by Dwight D. Eisenhower, United States. Office of the Federal Register, and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Dwight D. Eisenhower 1958 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 1 to December 31, 1958. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1959), by Dwight D. Eisenhower, United States. Office of the Federal Register, and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Dwight D. Eisenhower 1959 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 1 to December 31, 1959. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1960), by Dwight D. Eisenhower, United States. Office of the Federal Register, and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Dwight D. Eisenhower 1960-61 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 1, 1960, to January 20, 1961. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1961), by Dwight D. Eisenhower, United States. Office of the Federal Register, and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Dwight D. Eisenhower Containing the public messages, speeches and statements of the president, 1953-1960/61. (U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1958), by United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower), Dwight D. Eisenhower, and United States. Office of the Federal Register (page images at HathiTrust)
Mister American; Dwight David Eisenhower, and evaluation. (R. Field Co., 1952), by Rudolph Field (page images at HathiTrust)
Journey to victory : Dwight David Eisenhower, 1890-1990. (Dept. of Defense, 1990), by United States. Dept. of Defense (page images at HathiTrust)
Full committee consideration of H.R. 5174 and H.R. 5175, to authorize the appointment of Dwight David Eisenhower to the active list of the regular Army, and for other purposes (U.S. G.P.O., 1961), by United States House Committee on Armed Services (page images at HathiTrust)
To authorize the President of the United States to award a special Congressional Medal of Honor to Gen. Douglas MacArthur, United States Army, (H.R. 523); to authorize the President of the United States to award a Congressioal Medal of Honor to Gen. Douglas MacArthur, United States Army (H.R. 524); to authorize the President of the United States to award a special Congressional Medal of Honor to Gen. Dwight David Eisenhower, United States Army (H.R. 525); to authorize the President of the United States to award a Congrssional Medal of Honor to Gen. Dwight David Eisenhower (H.R. 526), Mr. Larcade; and to authorize the President of the United States to award posthumously a Congressional Medal of Honor to Gen. George S. Patton, Jr. (H.R. 743), Mr. Rankin. (U.S. G.P.O., 1947), by United States House Committee on Armed Services and United States War Department (page images at HathiTrust)
Selected photographs of Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1943-1961. (National Archives and Records and Service, General Services Administration, 1972), by United States National Archives and Records Service (page images at HathiTrust)
Peace and friendship in freedom ([Dept. of State], 1960) (page images at HathiTrust)
White House Office, Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs, records, 1952-61 : NSC series, policy papers subseries. (Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, 1900), by Dwight D. Eisenhower Library and United States. Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (page images at HathiTrust)
President Eisenhower's European trip : August September 1959 (Dept. of State, 1959), by United States. Department of State. Office of Public Services (page images at HathiTrust)
Installation of Dwight David Eisenhower as thirteenth president October 12, 1948. ([New York], 1948), by Columbia University and Seymour B. Durst (page images at HathiTrust)
Invincible Ike; the inspiring life story of Dwight D. Eisenhower. (Successful Living Publications, 1952), by Don Russell (page images at HathiTrust; US access only)
Dwight D. Eisenhower. (National Archives and Records Administration, 1995), by United States National Archives and Records Administration and Dwight D. Eisenhower Library (page images at HathiTrust)
President Eisenhower's Turkish welcome, December 6-7, 1959. (Turkish Government Information Office, 1959), by Turkey. Turkish Government Information Office (page images at HathiTrust)
The mountains go to Mohammad Zahir : observations on Afghanistan's reactions to visits from Nixon, Bulganin-Khrushchev, Eisenhower and Khrushchev (American Universities Field Staff, 1960), by Louis Dupree (page images at HathiTrust; US access only)
Historical chain and partial abstract of title; real property, Dwight D. and Mamie D. Eisenhower, Gettysburg, Adams County, Pennsylvania. (A. Weaner Press], 1957), by Arthur Weaner (page images at HathiTrust)
Heroes by the dozen. (Shadinger-Wilson, 1961), by Henry B. Jameson (page images at HathiTrust; US access only)
Dwight D. Eisenhower : a centennial bibliography (U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1990), by Elizabeth R. Snoke and U.S. Army Command and General Staff College (page images at HathiTrust)
Ike's Letters to a Friend, 19411958 (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1984), ed. by Robert W. Griffith (JSTOR ebook)

Books by Dwight D. Eisenhower:

Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969, contrib.: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 (in Italian; Rome: United States Information Service, 1959), trans. by Mario Picchi and Franco Simongini, also contrib. by Robert L. Kincaid, Earl Schenck Miers, Walt Whitman, and Herman Melville (multiple formats at archive.org)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969, illust.: Abraham Lincoln Speaks, by Abraham Lincoln, ed. by United States Information Service (multiple editions)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969, illust.: Abraham Lincoln Speaks: A Selection of the Writings and Sayings of a Great American, by Abraham Lincoln, ed. by United States Information Service (multiple formats at archive.org)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969, illust.: Abrahama Linkana ki Vani: Eka Mahan Ameriki ke Leravom Aura Bhashanom ka Sankalana (Hindi edition of Abraham Lincoln Speaks; ca. 1959), by Abraham Lincoln, ed. by United States Information Service (multiple formats at archive.org)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969, illust.: Abrahama Linkanara Baktabya: Egaraki Mahan Makina Netara Nishacita Bhashana, Bani Arta Racanawali (Assamese edition of Abraham Lincoln Speaks; ca. 1959), by Abraham Lincoln, ed. by United States Information Service (multiple formats at archive.org)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969, illust.: Ebrahama Linkanera Baktrtabali: Ekajana Bisishta Amerikanera Racana o Bhashanera Samkalana (Bengali edition of Abraham Lincoln Speaks; ca. 1959), by Abraham Lincoln, ed. by United States Information Service (multiple formats at archive.org)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Middle East Proposals: Message to Congress by President Eisenhower; Statement by Secretary of State Dulles (Dept. of State Publication #6440; 1957), also by John Foster Dulles (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969, illust.: Nhung Danh-Ngon Cua Abraham Lincoln (Vietnamese edition of Abraham Lincoln Speaks; ca. 1959), by Abraham Lincoln, ed. by United States Information Service (multiple formats at archive.org)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: The Presidential Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower (electronic edition, 2005; from the full set of Eisenhower papers published by JHU Press), ed. by Louis Galambos, Daun Van Ee, and Bernard C. Pobiak (HTML at Wayback Machine)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Selected speeches (multimedia at eisenhowerlibrary.gov)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Toward a Common Goal, a Program for Economic Development: An Address by President Eisenhower Before the Opening Session of the Ministerial Meeting of the Consultative Committee on Cooperative Economic Development in South and Southeast Asia (Colombo Plan) at Seattle, Washington, on November 10, 1958 (Dept. of State publication 6734 (Economic cooperation series #47); 1958) (page images at HathiTrust)

Additional books by Dwight D. Eisenhower in the extended shelves:

Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: An address to the UN General Assembly, September 22, 1960. (Dept. of State, 1960) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: The atom for progress and peace. (U.S. G.P.O., 1954) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Atomic power for peace : an address by President Eisenhower. ([U.S. Govt. Print. Off], 1953) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Atoms for peace : Dwight D. Eisenhower's address to the United Nations (National Archives and Records Administration, 1989), also by United States National Archives and Records Administration (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: The chance for peace : address by Dwight D. Eisenhower, President of the United States, April 16, 1953. (Govt. Print. Off, 1953) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: The Communist Threat in the Taiwan Area, also by John Foster Dulles (Gutenberg ebook)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 20 to December 31, 1953. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1960), also by United States. Office of the Federal Register and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1954 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 1 to December 31, 1954. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1960), also by United States. Office of the Federal Register and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1955 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 1 to December 31, 1955. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1959), also by United States. Office of the Federal Register and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1956 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 1 to December 31, 1956. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1958), also by United States. Office of the Federal Register and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1957 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 1 to December 31, 1957. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1958), also by United States. Office of the Federal Register and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1958 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 1 to December 31, 1958. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1959), also by United States. Office of the Federal Register and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1959 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 1 to December 31, 1959. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1960), also by United States. Office of the Federal Register and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1960-61 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 1, 1960, to January 20, 1961. (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, 1961), also by United States. Office of the Federal Register and United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Dwight D. Eisenhower Containing the public messages, speeches and statements of the president, 1953-1960/61. (U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1958), also by United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) and United States. Office of the Federal Register (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Eisenhower on war and peace. ([Interim international information service U.S. A., 1945) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Eisenhower's own story of the war; the complete report (Arco Pub. Co., 1946), also by Allied Forces. Supreme Headquarters (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Final report of the Chief of Staff, United States Army, to the Secretary of the Army. (U.S. Govt. Print. Off.], 1948), also by United States. Dept. of the Army. General Staff (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Foreign affairs, statement by President Eisenhower : excerpts from State of the Union message, January 6, 1955. ([U.S. Govt. Print. Off], 1955) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Ike's letters to a friend, 1941-1958 (University Press of Kansas, 1984), also by Robert Griffith and Everett E. Hazlett (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Inter-American Military Cooperation Act : hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Seventy-ninth Congress, second session on H.R. 6326 to contribute to the effective maintenance of internaional peace and security pursuant to the objectives and principles of the United Nations, to provide for military cooperation of the American states in the light of their international undertakings, and for other purposes, May 28, 29 1946. (U.S. G.P.O., 1946), also by United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Legislative program. Message from the President of the United States, relative to the legislative program ... (U.S. Govt. Print. Off.], 1960), also by United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Meeting the human problems of the nuclear age : address by President Eisenhower, June 11, 1955. (Dept. of State, 1955) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Mutual security program. Message from the President of the United States, relative to the Mutual security program ... (U.S. Govt. print. off., 1959), also by United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Our quest for peace and freedom : address by President Eisenhower. (Dept. of State, 1956) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: President Eisenhower's report to the Nation, May 25, 1960. : Secretary Herter's report to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, May 27, 1960. ([Dept. of State], 1960), also by Christian Archibald Herter (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Program for the Near East; an address before the U.N. General Assembly, August 13, 1958. (U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1958) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Public papers of the presidents of the United States. (Federal Register Division, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration :, in the 20th century), also by United States President, Bill Clinton, George Bush, Ronald Reagan, Jimmy Carter, Gerald R. Ford, Richard M. Nixon, Lyndon B. Johnson, John F. Kennedy, Harry S. Truman, Herbert Hoover, United States. Federal Register Division, and United States. Office of the Federal Register (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Public papers of the Presidents of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the President, January 20, 1953 to January 20, 1961. (U.S. G.P.O., 1958), also by United States. President (1953-1961 : Eisenhower) and United States. Office of the Federal Register (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: The quest for peace : quotations from President Eisenhower and Secretary of State Dulles highlighting the major steps in the search for peace through the security and unity of the free world. (Dept. of State, 1956), also by John Foster Dulles (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Report by the supreme commander to the Combined chiefs of staff on the operations in Europe of the Allied expeditionary force, 6 June 1944 to 8 May 1945. (Govt. print. off., 1946), also by Allied Forces. Supreme Headquarters (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Report by the Supreme Commander to the Combined Chiefs of Staff on the operations in Europe of the Allied Expenditionary Force, 6 June 1944 to 8 May 1945. (Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1994), also by Allied Forces. Supreme Headquarters and Center of Military History (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Selected speeches of Dwight David Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States : selected from the three principal periods of his life: as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during the war years, as Supreme NATO Commander [and] as President. (U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1970) (page images at HathiTrust; US access only)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Strengthening friendship and trust among the American republics ; President Eisenhower's visit to Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, February-March 1960. [Address delivered to the Nation by television and radio on Feb. 21]. ([Dept. of State] Office of Public Services, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1960) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: Tenth anniversary of the United Nations. : Address, June 20, 1955. ([U.S. Govt. Print. Off], 1955) (page images at HathiTrust)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969: The trade agreements program; its relation to national well-being and security. [An address made at the National Conference of Organizations on International Trade Policy at Washington, D. C., on March 27.] (Dept. of State, 1958) (page images at HathiTrust; US access only)

Find more by Dwight D. Eisenhower at your library, or elsewhere.

Help with reading books -- Report a bad link -- Suggest a new listing

Home -- Search -- New Listings -- Authors -- Titles -- Subjects -- Serials

Books -- News -- Features -- Archives -- The Inside Story

Edited by John Mark Ockerbloom (onlinebooks@pobox.upenn.edu)
OBP copyrights and licenses.